Effect of sharing health messages on antenatal care behavior among women involved in microfinance-based self-help groups in Bihar India

Table 3 Estimated impact of exposure to health interventions on antenatal care-related outcomes among self-help group women, Bihar, India, 2016

Health behavior outcomes	After matching		Average effect of exposure among exposed (ATT ^e)			Expected increase in health behavior (ATE ^f)
Health behavior outcomes	Exposed %	Unexposed %	ATT	95% CI for ATT	p-value	ATE	95% CI for ATE	p-value
Had 4 or more antenatal care visits	15.8	10.8	5.0	(−0.8, 10.8)	0.09	7.2	(0.76, 13.7) **	0.03
Took iron folic acid tablets/syrup for at least 100 days	14.9	7.5	7.4	(0.1, 14.5) **	0.04	8.7	(5.0, 12.5) ***	< 0.001
Received 2 TT injections	77.3	83.9	−6.6	(−10.2, −2.9) ***	< 0.001	−4.8	(− 10.1, 0.5)	0.07
Received full ANC ^a	4.2	1.6	2.6	(0.3, 4.9) **	0.03	3.6	(2.3, 4.9) ***	< 0.001
Accompanied by SHG members for ANC visits	27.9	13.6	14.2	(10.9, 17.5) ***	< 0.001	13.0	(7.2,18.9) ***	< 0.001
Received information on signs of pregnancy and delivery complications from community members ^b	46.0	28.0	18.0	(12.6, 23.3) ***	< 0.001	20.9	(11.5, 30.3) ***	< 0.001
Sought treatment for pregnancy complications ^c	27.5	23.5	4.0	(−0.5, 8.5)	0.08	2.4	(−3.2, 7.9)	0.40
Received supplementary food from Anganwadi center	54.2	51.9	2.3	(−0.2, 4.8)	0.26	2.7	(0.5, 4.9) **	0.01
Planned for place of delivery during pregnancy ^d	94.5	88.3	6.2	(1.2, 11.1) **	0.01	6.5	(2.4, 10.6) ***	< 0.001

*p < 0.10; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01
^a Full ANC is defined as receiving 4 or more antenatal care visits, 2 TT injections and consumption of 100 or more iron-folic acid tablets during pregnancy
^b Information on signs of pregnancy and delivery complications such as swelling of hands, paleness, weakness, visual disturbances, excessive fatigue, weak or no movement of fetus, abnormal position of fetus, excessive vomiting, hypertension, jaundice, excessive bleeding, convulsions, prolonged labor, obstructed labor, foul-smelling discharge, delay in placental expulsion or retained placenta, cord prolapsed/ baby’s hand and feet coming out first and cord around the neck of the baby from community members like SHG leader, SHG members, Saheli or Community Mobilizer
^c Severe pregnancy-related complication such as weak or no movement of the fetus, hypertension/ high BP, jaundice, excessive bleeding and convulsions
^d Prior to delivery planned to deliver the child at home or in a healthcare facility
^e Average treatment effect for the treated (ATT)/ exposed SHG women measured the impact of the intervention on exposed SHG women
^f Average treatment effect (ATE) represents the impact of the program obtained by averaging the impact across all the individuals (exposed and unexposed

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