Table 2 Methodological characteristics of the included studies
Author (references) | Year of cost estimation | Population | Perspective | Time horizon* | Discount (%) | Included costs | Model internal validity | Double counting | Sensitivity analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adibi et al. [21] | 2003 | Premarriage individuals | Healthcare system and societal | 25 | 3 | Direct medical cost | Yes | NA | One-way and multivariate |
Al Abri et al. [22] | 2016 to 2017 | A hypothetical cohort of 20-year-old migrants arriving in Oman | Healthcare system | Lifetime | NR | Direct medical cost | No | No | One-way, two-way and PSA |
Al‐Qudah et al. [23] | 2014 | OPD patients with general chronic diseases at Jordan university hospital | Hospital | 3 months | NA | Direct medical cost | NA | NA | One-way and multivariate |
Assanelli et al. [24] | 2005 | Young professional and recreational athletes | NR | NR | 3 | Direct medical cost | No | NA | One-way |
Balicer et al. [25] | 2018 | Whole population | Healthcare system and societal | NR | NR | Direct and indirect costs | NA | NA | Multivariate |
Barfar et al. [26] | 2019 | Low socioeconomic women aged 35 and higher | Healthcare system | 1 | NA | Direct medical cost | No | NA | One-way |
Carvalho et al. [27] | 2014 | Women aged 15–45 | NR | Lifetime | NR | Direct and indirect costs | Yes | NA | One-way and PSA |
Chodick et al. [28] | 2015 | Physician and nurses aged < 45 years | Employer (healthcare payer) | 20 | 3 | Direct medical cost | No | NA | One-way |
Chodick et al. [29] | 2016 | Healthcare workers | Healthcare system | 20 | 3 | Direct costs | No | No | One-way |
Chowers [30] | 2014 | All pregnant women | Payer | 100 | 3.5 | Direct medical cost | Yes | No | Univariate and multivariate |
Devine [31] | 2017 | Adult patients with vivax malaria | Healthcare provider | 1 | NA | Direct costs | No | No | One-way and PSA |
El-Dahiyat [32] | 2016 | The whole population | NR | NR | NR | Product price | NA | NA | NR |
El-Ghitany [33] | 2012 | People at intermediate and high risk scores for HCV infection | NR | NR | NR | Cost of testing | No | NA | NR |
Eltabbakh et al. [34] | 2015 | Cirrhotic patients older than 18 years | NR | NR | NR | Direct medical cost | No | No | NR |
Gamaoun et al. [35] | 2010 | Young adolescent girls (12 years) and women 35–59 years | NR | NR | 3 | Direct medical cost | No | NA | NR |
Ginsberg et al. [36] | 2011 | Pregnant women, couples before marriage, relatives of subjects with thalassemia, and even school children | Healthcare system and societal | 30 | 5 | Direct and indirect costs | NA | NA | One-way |
Ginsberg et al. [37] | 2014 | Females aged 12–65 years | Healthcare system | Lifetime | 3 | Direct costs | No | No | One-way |
Ginsberg et al. [38] | 2018 | Men who have sex with men | Societal | NR | 3 | Direct costs | No | No | One-way |
Ginsberg et al. [39] | 2016 | Females aged 12–65 years old | Healthcare system | 100 | 3 | Direct costs | No | No | One-way |
Ginsberg et al. [40] | 2019 | Adults aged 20 and above | NR | 1 | NA | Direct and indirect costs | Yes | Yes | One-way |
Haghighat et al. [41] | 2017 | Women aged 40–70 years | Healthcare system | 50 | 3 and 5 | Direct costs | No | No | One-way and PSA |
Hamdani et al. [42] | 2013 | Primary care attendees with high levels of psychological distress and functional impairment | Healthcare system | 1 | NA | Direct costs | Yes | NA | NR |
Howard et al. [43] | 2017 | Afghan refugee resided in Pakistan | Societal | 5 | 3 | Direct and indirect costs | No | Yes | Univariate |
Hussain et al. [44] | 2018 | TB patients who had been on treatment for a minimum of 2 months | Patients, health facility and TB program | 2 | 3 | Direct and indirect costs | No | No | One-way |
Javadinasab et al. [45] | 2016 | First-degree relatives (aged 40 years and above) of patients with colorectal cancer | Healthcare system | Lifetime | 5 | Direct medical cost | Yes | No | One-way and deterministic |
Javanbakht [46] | 2014 | Adults and the elderly population | Healthcare system | 20 | NR | Direct costs | Yes | NA | PSA |
Kashi et al. [47] | 2013 | Pregnant women | NR | Lifetime | 3 | Direct costs | No | No | PSA |
Khneisser et al. [48] | 2010 | All newborn babies | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | NA | NA | NR |
Khneisser et al. [49] | 2014 | All male newborns | NR | NR | NR | Direct medical cost | NA | NA | NR |
Kim et al. [50] | 2013 | 40-year-old and asymptomatic- HCV average-risk adults in Egypt | Societal | 40 | 3 | Direct and indirect costs | Yes | Yes | One-way, two-way and PSA |
Kim et al. [51] | 2013 | Pre-adolescent girls (by age 9) | Societal | Lifetime | 3 | Direct and indirect costs | Yes | Yes | One-way |
Koren et al. [52] | 2017 | Pregnant women, husbands of affected women, and patients with β Thalassemia major | NR | 50 | NR | Direct medical cost | No | NA | NR |
Lahiri et al. [53] | 2104 | The entire economically active population | Societal | 100 | 3 | Direct costs | No | NA | One-way |
Leshno et al. [54] | 2014 | Average risk population (50 years and over) | NR | Lifetime | 3 | Direct costs | No | NA | One-way and two-way |
Lim et al. [55] | NR | General population and people who inject drugs | Healthcare provider | NR | 3.5 | Direct medical cost | Yes | NA | One-way |
Lohse et al. [56] | NR | Pregnant women | NR | NR | 3 | Direct costs | Yes | No | NR |
Madae’en et al. [57] | 2012 | Hypothetical cohort of Jordanian male smokers aged 30 years or older | Public payer (MoH) | 70 | 3 | Direct medical costs | No | NA | One-way and PSA |
Marseille et al. [58] | 2014 | Pregnant women | NR | Lifetime | 3 | Direct costs | No | No | One-way and multivariate |
Mason et al. [59] | 2016 | General population | NR | 10 | 3 | Direct costs | No | NA | One-way |
Messoudi et al. [60] | 2008 | Girls at 14 years and Women aged 30–49 | Healthcare system | Lifetime | 3 | Direct medical cost | Yes | NA | One-way and two-way |
Mostafa et al. [61] | 2018 | Population exposed to unsafe injection practices | Healthcare system | 30 | 3.5 | Direct medical cost | Yes | No | One-way |
Mostafa et al. [62] | 2008 | Population exposed to unsafe injection practices (aged 15–59 years) | Healthcare system | 26 | 3.5 | Direct medical cost | Yes | No | One-way |
Nahvijou et al. [63] | 2012 | Women over 15 years of age | Healthcare system | Lifetime | 3 | Direct medical costs | Yes | No | One-way |
Okem et al. [64] | 2013 | Pregnant women | Payer | NR | NR | Direct medical cost | No | NA | NR |
Ornoy et al. [65] | NR | People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | Societal | Lifetime | NR | Direct and indirect costs | NA | NA | NR |
Ranson et al. [66] | 2016 | Cohort of smokers | Public sector provider | 30–50 | 3–10 | Direct and indirect costs | No | No | NR |
Rashidian et al. [67] | 2017 | Iranian hospitals | Provider | 10 | 5–10 | Direct and indirect costs | No | NA | One-way |
Rezaei-Hemami et al. [68] | 2017 | NR | MoH | 1 | NA | Direct costs | No | NA | One-way |
Saygili et al. [69] | 2012 | Cancer patients receiving palliative care | Societal and patient | 1 Month | NA | Direct and indirect costs | No | NA | One-way |
Shamshiri et al. [70] | 2016 | 3 – 5 days old neonates | Caregiver | 82 | 3 | Direct costs | Yes | No | One-way |
Sharma et al. [71] | 2012 | Women aged 25–65 years | Societal | Lifetime | 3 | Direct costs | No | NA | One-way |
Shlomai et al. [72] | 2011 | The whole population | MoH | 200 Days | NA | Direct and work absence costs | Yes | Yes | One-way and PSA |
Shmueli et al. [73] | 2015 | Moderate-to-heavy smokers aged 45 years or older | Healthcare system | Lifetime | 3 | Direct medical cost | Yes | No | One-way and PSA |
Sladkevicius et al. [74] | 2016 | Neonates | Societal | Lifetime | 3 | Direct and indirect costs | No | NA | One-way and PSA |
Verguet et al. [75] | 2019 | Heterosexual adult population (15–49-year-old) | NR | 5 | NR | Direct medical cost | No | No | One-way |
Vijayaraghavan et al. [76] | 2008 | 12 million children aged six months to 12 years and 5 million children aged 9 to 59 months | Donor | 10 | 3 | Direct costs | Yes | NA | One-way |
Vijayaraghavan et al. [77] | 2010 | Children and women of childbearing age in populations not reached by routine health services in a conflict setting | Donor | 2 | NR | Direct medical costs | No | NA | One-way |
Wilcox et al. [78] | 2013 | Whole population | Healthcare system | 10 | 3 | Direct costs | Yes | NA | Multi-way |
Yarahmadi et al. [79] | 2010 | Newborn babies | NR | 70 | 3 | Direct medical costs | NA | NA | NR |
Yosefy et al. [80] | 2018 | Adults aged 25–64 years | NR | 20 | 3 | Direct costs | No | No | One-way |
Yosefy et al. [81] | 2017 | All hypertensive patients | NR | 10 | 4 | Direct costs | No | No | One-way |