Table 3 Studies on health protection of UN peacekeepers
From: UN peacekeeper health and risk factors --- a systematic scoping review
Health protection | Author/year | WHO regions: Troop-contributing countries | Host countries | Study designs | Main outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disease prevention measures | Adams et al. 1997 [92], Gambel et al. 1999 [88], Kitchener et al. 2002 [132], Hu et al. 2005 [64], Jeremy et al. 2005 [70], Ross et al. 2006 [65], Thoresen et al. 2006 [133], Guo et al. 2006 [66], Jin et al. 2008 [67], Lowicki-Zucca et al. 2009 [68], Ma et al. 2011 [74], Wei et al. 2011 [73], Juliao et al. 2013 [76], Yang et al. 2014 [101], Lewnard et al. 2015 [78], Fernando et al. 2016 [79], He et al. 2017 [80], Sood et al. 2017 [134], Tang et al. 2017 [107], Bonham et al. 2021 [135], Liu et al. 2021 [114], Li et al. 2021 [84] | Western Pacific Region: China, Australia | Mali, Sudan, South Sudan, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lebanon, Liberia | Medical report, Questionnaire, Retrospective study | Disease prevention measures (improving the health prevention system and providing medical examinations for team members, enhancing health education such as AIDS to strengthen prevention awareness, preventing and treating common diseases, improving the health support capacity among peacekeepers, initiating an emergency plan for handling cholera outbreaks, fly eradication, disinfection, managing food and water sources, anti-allergic drugs, anti-malarial drugs, antifungal drugs, skin disease prevention, vaccination, early notification of cases and prevention of transmission through isolation of cases and collaboration). |
Region of the Americas: Guatemala | The Democratic Republic of the Congo | Case study | Disease prevention measures (adherence to chemoprophylaxis). | ||
South-East Asia Region: Sri Lanka | Multination | Interviews | Disease prevention measures (knowledge on malaria chemoprophylaxis). | ||
African Region: Nigeria | West Africa | Questionnaire | Disease prevention measures (individual interventions). | ||
European Region: U.K., Norway | South Sudan, Multination, Bosnia–Herzegovina | Cohort study, Case study | Disease prevention measures (diagnosis and management of infectious diseases, malaria protection policy, firearms control, improved detection systems for mental health problems in the military, immunization). | ||
Multination | Haiti, Multination, Central Africa | Interview, Prevalence comparison, Stochastic model, Cohort study | Disease prevention measures (enforcement of existing field preventive medicine doctrine, knowledge of HIV and prevention, screening and vaccination, health education and environmental control). | ||
Medical and health measures | Adams et al. 1997 [92], Gambel et al. 1999 [136], Hu et al. 2005 [64], Forbes et al. 2005 [20], Hébert et al. 2007 [94], Li et al. 2008 [95], Maguen et al. 2009 [29], Ray et al. 2009 [137], Wang et al. 2011 [72], Sun et al. 2012 [75], Liu et al. 2012 [138], Yang et al. 2014 [101], Zhao et al. 2015 [91] Fernando et al. 2017 [79], He et al. 2017 [80], Yang et al. 2017 [139], Tang et al. 2017 [107], Xin et al. 2018 [140], Li et al. 2019 [87], Qi et al. 2019 [112], Pei et al. 2020 [141], Liu et al. 2021 [114] | Western Pacific Region: China, Australia | South Sudan, Multination, Sudan, Liberia, Mali, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lebanon | Case study, Medical report, Retrospective study | Medical and health measures (vaccines, hospital treatment, specialized PTSD treatment units, active anti-malarial treatment, timely and comprehensive care for patients, isolation measures, psychological care, assess the preparation of personnel and materials, equip specialized professionals and complex equipment, ensuring material supply, optimize the diet structure, diagnosis of infectious diseases and drug preparations, dietary nutrition, preventive medicine, selecting high-quality surgeons, improving linkage mechanism, examination and treatment plan, disinfection of drinking water, anti-malarial treatment, frequent hand washing, preventing the spread of disease, allocation and deployment of health care workers, improving systems and procedures). |
Region of the Americas: Canada | Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda, Former Yugoslavia | Case study, Interview | Medical and health measures (primary prevention activities and the capacity to provide physiotherapy services, mind-body complementary therapies). | ||
South-East Asia Region: Sri Lanka | The Central African Republic | Questionnaire | Medical and health measures (better coordination with overseas healthcare services and the establishment of directly observed chemoprophylaxis). | ||
European Region: U.K. | Bosnia–Herzegovina | Case study | Medical and health measures (effective surveillance and microbiology laboratory support). | ||
Multination | Kosovo, Haiti | Questionnaire, Interview, Medical report | Medical and health measures (a thorough evaluation of severity of subclusters and an individual profile of symptoms, standardized medical surveillance). | ||
Psychosocial measures | Ward et al. 1997 [13], Mehlum et al. 1999 [14], Ballone et al. 2000 [38], Doody et al. 2002 [142], Thoresen et al. 2003 [122], Okulate et al. 2004 [116], Wessely et al. 2006 [39], Greenberg et al. 2006 [143], Guo et al. 2007 [144], Dyrstad et al. 2007 [145], Nikolova et al. 2007 [40], Jin et al. 2008 [67], Li et al. 2008 [95], Maguen et al. 2009 [29], Fernando et al. 2011 [31], Wong et al. 2011 [146], Chen et al. 2012 [56], Li et al. 2012 [54], Li et al. 2012 [57], Liu et al. 2012 [138], Barnes et al. 2013 [43], Souza et al. 2015 [44], Fu et al. 2017 [147], He et al. 2017 [80], Tang et al. 2017 [107],Dixit et al. 2018 [35], Qi et al. 2018 [82], Saito et al. 2018 [148], Xin et al. 2018 [140], Rodrigues-Silveira et al. 2022 [149] | European Region: U.K., Norway, Italy, Bulgaria, Ireland | Bosnia, South Lebanon, Kosovo, The Mediterranean, Multination | Epidemiological study, Questionnaire, Cross-sectional study, Medical report, Interview | Psychosocial measures (watching TV programs, changing regulations, approaches to stress management, psychosocial support for veterans and their families, gun control, fostering intrinsic motivation toward physical training, physiological stress assessment and screening of mental health risk, effective predeployment resilience building programmes). |
Region of the Americas: Canada, Brazil, U.S. | Bosnia, Haiti, Kosovo | Case control study, Longitudinal study, Questionnaire | Psychosocial measures (training, guidance, organizational affective commitment, work engagement, positive influence of organizational support programs). | ||
South-East Asia Region: India | Multination | Cross-sectional study | Psychosocial measures (pre-screening, pre-deployment mental health training). | ||
Western Pacific Region: Australia, China, Japan | Somalia, Sudan, Lebanon, Mali, South Sudan, Liberia | Questionnaire, Retrospective study, Medical report | Psychosocial measures (the selection, training, preparation and debriefing among UN peacekeepers, mental health education through various forms such as lectures and knowledge competitions, psychological counseling, the United Nations medical standard working procedures, the construct validity and reliability of the Tachikawa Resilience Scale, foreign language learning, carrying out recreational activities). | ||
African Region: Nigeria | Yugoslavia and Liberia | Interview | Psychosocial measures (adequate communication with home could reduce maladjustment). | ||
Diplomatic measures | Region of the Americas: Peru, U.S. | The Central African Republic, sub-Saharan Africa | Case study, Content analyses | Diplomatic measures (elimination campaigns, HIV-related national policies/legislations). |