Table 1 Barriers to Global Action on AMR by Policy Stage
Policy Stage | Barrier | Associated Stakeholders |
|---|---|---|
Agenda Setting | Lack of Data | National Governments |
Supranational Organizations | ||
Civil Society Organizations | ||
Agricultural Industry | ||
Pharmaceutical Industry | ||
Achieving Public Engagement | National Governments | |
Civil Society Organizations | ||
Competing Health Priorities | National Governments | |
Pharmaceutical Industry | ||
Agreement Formulation | Unknown Impact of AMR Control Policies | National Governments |
Supranational Organizations | ||
Civil Society Organizations | ||
Agricultural Industry | ||
Pharmaceutical Industry | ||
Reconciling Mandates, Business Models, and Perspectives of Key Stakeholders | National Governments | |
Supranational Organizations | ||
Cost Distribution & Funding | National Governments | |
Supranational Organizations | ||
Pharmaceutical Industry | ||
Agreement Legitimation | Lack of Enforcement of International Law | National Governments |
Supranational Organizations | ||
Civil Society Organizations | ||
Agricultural Industry | ||
Pharmaceutical Industry | ||
Enacting Binding Rules on a Global Scale | National Governments | |
Supranational Organizations | ||
Fragmentation of Global Health Governance and Initiatives | Supranational Organizations | |
Agreement Implementation | Unregulated Distribution of Antimicrobials (legal and counterfeit) | National Governments |
Civil Society Organizations | ||
Pharmaceutical Industry | ||
Lack of Capacity and Infrastructure | National Governments | |
Civil Society Organizations | ||
Agricultural Industry | ||
Pharmaceutical Industry | ||
Reconciling Domestic Political Powers | National Governments | |
Coordinating Actors | National Governments | |
Supranational Organizations |