From: Escaping from poverty trap: a choice between government transfer payments and public services
Variable | (1)Urban | (2) Urban Natives | (3) Rural | (4) Rural Natives | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H_income | Poverty | H_income | Poverty | H_income | Poverty | H_income | Poverty | |
Panel A | ||||||||
H_income | −0.004c (−8.91) | −0.0039c (−8.69) | −0.0051c (−10.66) | −0.005c (−10.68) | ||||
GTP | −2.27E-05 (−0.01) | 1.20 e-04 (0.07) | 0.035c (5.32) | 0.038c (5.64) | ||||
PTP | −0.020c (−6.16) | −0.020c (−6.20) | −0.046c (−10.00) | −0.046c (−9.89) | ||||
Insurance | 1568.53c (9.1) | −0.042c (−3.24) | 1581.67c (8.87) | −0.044c (−3.37) | 914.01c (6.94) | −0.024b (−2.06) | 907.38c (6.89) | −0.026b (−2.17) |
Water | 107.32 (1.42) | −0.0091 (−0.55) | 135.54 (0.52) | −0.0107 (−0.64) | 572.09c (5.46) | −0.0145 (−1.34) | 584.03c (5.57) | −0.0142 (−1.30) |
Toilet | 1102.48c (6.43) | −0.0398c (−3.04) | 1151.58c (6.48) | −0.0437c (−3.29) | 1271.71c (9.5) | −0.0134 (−1.04) | 1215.51b (9.08) | −0.0178 (−1.38) |
Hygiene | 443.00a (1.7) | −0.033a (−1.90) | 439.46a (1.64) | −0.036b (−2.06) | 439.37c (3.65) | −0.027b (−2.52) | 439.51c (3.66) | −0.025b (−2.38) |
Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Year | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
County | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Chi2() | 3871.2c | 1333.4c | 3662.9c | 1223.1c | 11042.7c | 18934.7c | 10968.6c | 18460.5c |
obs | 9805 | 9805 | 9367 | 9367 | 20823 | 20823 | 20605 | 20605 |
Panel B | Mechanisms | |||||||
Crowd-out Effect | −0.3934c (−5.37) | −0.3969c (−5.54) | −0.6289c (−4.09) | −0.6094c (−3.96) | ||||
Inductive Effect | −2.1650c (−26.41) | −2.1657c (−26.07) | −3.4267c (−38.03) | −3.4167c (−37.99) |