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Table 5 Heterogeneity between urban and rural households (Poverty = poverty_1)

From: Escaping from poverty trap: a choice between government transfer payments and public services

Variable

(1)Urban

(2) Urban Natives

(3) Rural

(4) Rural Natives

H_income

Poverty

H_income

Poverty

H_income

Poverty

H_income

Poverty

Panel A

H_income

 

−0.004c (−8.91)

 

−0.0039c (−8.69)

 

−0.0051c (−10.66)

 

−0.005c (−10.68)

GTP

 

−2.27E-05 (−0.01)

 

1.20 e-04 (0.07)

 

0.035c (5.32)

 

0.038c (5.64)

PTP

 

−0.020c (−6.16)

 

−0.020c (−6.20)

 

−0.046c (−10.00)

 

−0.046c (−9.89)

Insurance

1568.53c (9.1)

−0.042c (−3.24)

1581.67c (8.87)

−0.044c (−3.37)

914.01c (6.94)

−0.024b (−2.06)

907.38c (6.89)

−0.026b (−2.17)

Water

107.32 (1.42)

−0.0091 (−0.55)

135.54 (0.52)

−0.0107 (−0.64)

572.09c (5.46)

−0.0145 (−1.34)

584.03c (5.57)

−0.0142 (−1.30)

Toilet

1102.48c (6.43)

−0.0398c (−3.04)

1151.58c (6.48)

−0.0437c (−3.29)

1271.71c (9.5)

−0.0134 (−1.04)

1215.51b (9.08)

−0.0178 (−1.38)

Hygiene

443.00a (1.7)

−0.033a (−1.90)

439.46a (1.64)

−0.036b (−2.06)

439.37c (3.65)

−0.027b (−2.52)

439.51c (3.66)

−0.025b (−2.38)

Controls

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Year

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

County

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Chi2()

3871.2c

1333.4c

3662.9c

1223.1c

11042.7c

18934.7c

10968.6c

18460.5c

obs

9805

9805

9367

9367

20823

20823

20605

20605

Panel B

Mechanisms

Crowd-out Effect

−0.3934c (−5.37)

−0.3969c (−5.54)

−0.6289c (−4.09)

−0.6094c (−3.96)

Inductive Effect

−2.1650c (−26.41)

−2.1657c (−26.07)

−3.4267c (−38.03)

−3.4167c (−37.99)

  1. Note: aSignificantly at 10% level. bSignificantly at 5% level. cSignificantly at 1% level