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Table 6 The Effects of GTP and Public Services on the Absolute Poverty

From: Escaping from poverty trap: a choice between government transfer payments and public services

Variable

Poverty = poverty_1

Poverty = poverty_25%

Transfer/Subsidy as main income

Transfer as main income

Transfer/Subsidy as main income

Transfer as main income

H_income

Poverty

H_income

Poverty

H_income

Poverty

H_income

Poverty

Panel A

H_income

 

−0.00343a (−1.81)

 

−0.00123a (−1.86)

 

−0.0037a (−1.68)

 

−3.14E-04 (−1.19)

GTP

 

−0.0011 (−0.83)

 

−0.00184 (−1.48)

 

0.0029b (2.00)

 

−6.26E-04 (−0.42)

PTP

 

−0.010c (−4.91)

 

−0.0095c (−5.48)

 

−0.008c (−3.40)

 

−0.006c (−2.79)

Insurance

772.79c (6.76)

−0.01296 (−0.64)

811.30c (6.28)

−0.0322 (−1.60)

785.32c (6.86)

−0.0179 (−0.77)

809.33c (6.27)

−0.0368 (−1.51)

Water

−17.57 (−0.15)

−0.0350b (−1.98)

54.0507 (0.41)

−0.00574 (−0.31)

−13.0575 (−0.11)

−0.040a (−1.94)

56.0181 (0.42)

−0.0242 (−1.08)

Toilet

516.59c (4.59)

−0.0345a (−1.69)

608.89c (4.77)

−0.03536a (−1.65)

520.84c (4.62)

−0.0201 (−0.90)

612.05c (4.80)

−0.0229 (−0.90)

Hygiene

28.3617 (1.22)

−0.0396b (−2.03)

−12.179 (−0.09)

−0.0458b (−2.33)

28.4244 (1.22)

−0.074c (−3.24)

−12.998 (−0.09)

−0.098c (−4.09)

Controls

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Year

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

County

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Chi2()

1178.3c

837.60c

1186.22c

879.03c

1177.3c

832.85c

1189.7c

764.90c

obs

3693

3693

3069

3069

3693

3693

3069

3069

Panel B

Mechanisms

Crowd-out Effect

−0.0268 (−0.59)

0.0421 (1.05)

0.5774c (2.92)

0.4736c (2.7)

Inductive Effect

−0.3617c (−12.32)

−0.3739c (−11.74)

−0.9695c (−14.73)

−0.9962c (−14.31)

  1. Note: aSignificantly at 10% level.bSignificantly at 5% level.cSignificantly at 1% level