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Table 1 Relative risk, exposure prevalence for PAF, PIF and cases of neonatal and under-five mortality due to HAP in the four South Asian countries

From: Attributable risk and potential impact of interventions to reduce household air pollution associated with under-five mortality in South Asia

 

Country

Exposurea

Exposure (%) in cases (n/Total cases)b

Exposure (%) in controls (n/Total controls)c

Relative risk (95% CI)d

Exposure Prevalence (95% CI)e

Estimated Prevalence (scenario 1) (95% CI)f

Estimated Prevalence (scenario 2) (95% CI)g

Neonatal mortality

Bangladesh

No HAP from cooking fuel

63/772

2773/25304

1.00

11.0 (10.6–11.4)

30.6 (30.0–31.1)

67.1 (66.5–67.6)

HAP from cooking fuel

709/772

22,531/25304

1.29 (0.94–1.78)

89.0 (88.7–89.4)

69.5 (68.9–70.0)

33.0 (32.4–33.5)

India

No HAP from cooking fuel

565/6082

26,783/160300

1.00

16.7 (16.5–16.9)

35.0 (34.8–35.3)

69.2 (69.0–69.4)

HAP from cooking fuel

5517/6082

133,517/160300

1.23 (1.09–1.39)

83.3 (83.1–83.5)

65.0 (64.7–65.2)

30.8 (30.6–31.0)

Nepal

No HAP from cooking fuel

15/572

1303/17208

1.00

7.6 (7.2–8.0)

27.9 (27.2–28.6)

65.8 (65.1–66.5)

HAP from cooking fuel

557/572

15,905/17208

2.67 (1.47–4.82)

92.4 (92.0–92.8)

71.1 (71.4–72.8)

34.2 (33.5–43.9)

Pakistan

No HAP from cooking fuel

136/503

3909/11004

1.00

35.5 (34.6–36.4)

49.7 (48.8–50.7)

76.1 (75.3–76.9)

HAP from cooking fuel

367/503

7095/11004

1.08 (0.77–1.54)

64.5 (63.6–65.4)

50.3 (49.4–51.2)

23.9 (23.1–24.7)

Totalh

 

7929

213,816

1.32 (1.05–1.67)

83.8 (75.2–90.9)

  

Under-five mortality

Bangladesh

No HAP from cooking fuel

107/1211

2729/24865

1.00

11.0 (10.6–11.4)

30.6 (30.0–31.1)

67.1 (66.5–67.7)

HAP from cooking fuel

1104/1211

22,136/24865

1.06 (0.82–1.37)

89.0 (88.6–89.4)

69.4 (68.9–70.0)

32.9 (32.4–33.5)

India

No HAP from cooking fuel

850/11311

26,498/155071

1.00

17.1 (16.9–17.3)

35.3 (35.1–35.6)

69.3 (69.1–69.6)

HAP from cooking fuel

10,461/11311

128,573/155071

1.30 (1.18–1.43)

82.9 (82.7–83.1)

64.7 (64.4–64.9)

30.7 (30.5–30.9)

Nepal

No HAP from cooking fuel

25/1014

1293/16766

1.00

7.7 (7.3–8.1)

28.0 (27.3–28.7)

65.9 (65.1–66.6)

HAP from cooking fuel

989/1014

15,473/16766

2.19 (1.37–3.51)

92.3 (91.9–92.7)

72.0 (71.3–72.7)

34.2 (33.4–34.9)

Pakistan

No HAP from cooking fuel

197/768

3848/10739

1.00

35.8 (34.9–36.8)

50.0 (49.0–50.9)

76.3 (75.4–77.1)

HAP from cooking fuel

571/768

6891/10739

1.22 (0.92–1.64)

64.2 (63.3–65.1)

50.1 (49.1–51.0)

23.7 (22.9–24.6)

Totalh

 

13,290

207,441

1.30 (1.07–1.57)

83.6 (74.9–90.8)

  
  1. aExposure were categorised as, “no HAP from cooking fuel” (use of clean fuels such as electricity, LPG, natural gas, biogas) and “HAP from cooking fuel” (use of polluting fuels such as kerosene, coal/lignite, charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, agricultural crop and animal dung), bnumber of ‘cases’ exposed/unexposed in each category, cnumber of ‘controls’ exposed/unexposed in each category, dRelative risk adjusted for selected potential confounders, PAF Population attributable fraction, PIF Potential impact fraction, eexposure prevalence for PAF calculation, fexposure prevalence for PIF calculation based on scenario1: assuming 22% reduction on HAP following previous intervention [27], gexposure prevalence for PIF calculation based on scenario2: assuming 63% reduction on HAP following previous community-based intervention [28]. hTotal number of cases and controls were summed across country-specific DHS data sets, and Relative Risk and exposure prevalence were summarised across countries using random effects meta-analysis using the inverse variance method (DerSimonian-Laird)
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Global Health Research and Policy

ISSN: 2397-0642

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