Table 3 Individual compositional and contextual factors associated with Caesarean section in sub-Saharan Africa identified by multivariable multilevel logistic regression models, Demographic and Health Surveys data
From: Disparities in caesarean section prevalence and determinants across sub-Saharan Africa countries
| Place of Delivery | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Public healthcare (OR, 95% CrI) |
Private healthcare (OR, 95% CrI) | |
| Age (%) | ||
| 15–24 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 25–34 | 1.50 (1.31 to 1.72) | 2.32 (1.58 to 3.47) |
| 35–49 | 2.75 (2.33 to 3.22) | 4.31 (2.83 to 6.67) |
| Wealth (%) | ||
| Poorest | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Poorer | 1.07 (0.87 to 1.33) | 1.75 (0.78 to 3.69) |
| Middle | 1.14 (0.91 to 1.44) | 1.24 (0.53 to 2.68) |
| Richer | 1.34 (1.09 to 1.70) | 1.48 (0.65 to 3.21) |
| Richest | 1.97 (1.54 to 2.55) | 2.08 (0.89 to 4.19) |
| Maternal’s education (%) | ||
| No education | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Primary | 1.03 (0.89 to 1.18) | 1.15 (0.71 to 1.79) |
| Secondary+ | 1.09 (0.92 to 1.27) | 1.61 (0.96 to 2.43) |
| Paternal’s education (%) | ||
| No education | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Primary | 1.04 (0.89 to 1.22) | 0.86 (0.47 to 1.46) |
| Secondary+ | 1.13 (0.95 to 1.32) | 1.22 (0.68 to 2.01) |
| Religion | ||
| Christianity | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Islam | 1.08 (0.94 to 1.25) | 0.54 (0.37 to 0.75) |
| Others | 1.00 (0.78 to 1.23) | 0.62 (0.30 to 1.08) |
| Media access | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.09) | 1.08 (0.95 to 1.23) |
| Female Household head | 1.01 (0.89 to 1.13) | 0.94 (0.71 to 1.19) |
| Currently working | 0.92 (0.76 to 1.07) | 1.02 (0.63 to 1.75) |
| Decision making power | ||
| Low | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Medium | 1.05 (0.93 to 1.18) | 1.20 (0.91 to 1.57) |
| High | 1.06 (0.93 to 1.20) | 1.52 (1.14 to 1.97) |
| Sex of child (male vs female) | 1.21 (1.10 to 1.33) | 1.03 (0.85 to 1.23) |
| Multiple birth | 1.01 (0.09 to 3.24) | 22.94 (4.24 to 77.55) |
| Number of children | 0.83 (0.81 to 0.86) | 0.80 (0.75 to 0.86) |
| Large size at birth | 1.15 (1.05 to 1.26) | 1.05 (0.86 to 1.27) |
| Antenatal care | ||
| None | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 1 to 4 visits | 0.86 (0.60 to 1.08) | 0.51 (0.30 to 0.94) |
| 5 to 8 visits | 0.98 (0.68 to 1.24) | 0.60 (0.35 to 1.12) |
| 8 or more visits | 1.28 (0.90 to 1.66) | 0.84 (0.48 to 1.65) |
| Neighbourhood SES (%) | ||
| Tertile 1 (least disadvantaged) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Tertile 2 | 0.86 (0.77 to 0.98) | 1.00 (0.76 to 1.28) |
| Tertile 3 (most disadvantaged) | 0.79 (0.67 to 0.64) | 1.04 (0.55 to 1.74) |
| Human Development Index (%) | ||
| Low HDI | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Moderate HDI | 1.26 (0.91 to 1.69) | 0.94 (0.36 to 1.75) |
| High HDI | 1.26 (0.84 to 1.70) | 1.09 (0.48 to 2.05) |
| Random-effect | ||
| Country-level | ||
| Variance (95% CrI) | 0.18 (0.10 to 0.31) | 0.46 (0.21 to 0.89) |
| Neighbourhood-level | ||
| Variance (95% CrI) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) |