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Table 3 Individual compositional and contextual factors associated with Caesarean section in sub-Saharan Africa identified by multivariable multilevel logistic regression models, Demographic and Health Surveys data

From: Disparities in caesarean section prevalence and determinants across sub-Saharan Africa countries

 

Place of Delivery

 

Public healthcare

(OR, 95% CrI)

Private healthcare

(OR, 95% CrI)

Age (%)

 15–24

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 25–34

1.50 (1.31 to 1.72)

2.32 (1.58 to 3.47)

 35–49

2.75 (2.33 to 3.22)

4.31 (2.83 to 6.67)

Wealth (%)

 Poorest

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Poorer

1.07 (0.87 to 1.33)

1.75 (0.78 to 3.69)

 Middle

1.14 (0.91 to 1.44)

1.24 (0.53 to 2.68)

 Richer

1.34 (1.09 to 1.70)

1.48 (0.65 to 3.21)

 Richest

1.97 (1.54 to 2.55)

2.08 (0.89 to 4.19)

Maternal’s education (%)

 No education

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Primary

1.03 (0.89 to 1.18)

1.15 (0.71 to 1.79)

 Secondary+

1.09 (0.92 to 1.27)

1.61 (0.96 to 2.43)

Paternal’s education (%)

 No education

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Primary

1.04 (0.89 to 1.22)

0.86 (0.47 to 1.46)

 Secondary+

1.13 (0.95 to 1.32)

1.22 (0.68 to 2.01)

Religion

 Christianity

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Islam

1.08 (0.94 to 1.25)

0.54 (0.37 to 0.75)

 Others

1.00 (0.78 to 1.23)

0.62 (0.30 to 1.08)

Media access

1.02 (0.96 to 1.09)

1.08 (0.95 to 1.23)

Female Household head

1.01 (0.89 to 1.13)

0.94 (0.71 to 1.19)

Currently working

0.92 (0.76 to 1.07)

1.02 (0.63 to 1.75)

Decision making power

 Low

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Medium

1.05 (0.93 to 1.18)

1.20 (0.91 to 1.57)

 High

1.06 (0.93 to 1.20)

1.52 (1.14 to 1.97)

Sex of child (male vs female)

1.21 (1.10 to 1.33)

1.03 (0.85 to 1.23)

Multiple birth

1.01 (0.09 to 3.24)

22.94 (4.24 to 77.55)

Number of children

0.83 (0.81 to 0.86)

0.80 (0.75 to 0.86)

Large size at birth

1.15 (1.05 to 1.26)

1.05 (0.86 to 1.27)

Antenatal care

 None

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 1 to 4 visits

0.86 (0.60 to 1.08)

0.51 (0.30 to 0.94)

 5 to 8 visits

0.98 (0.68 to 1.24)

0.60 (0.35 to 1.12)

 8 or more visits

1.28 (0.90 to 1.66)

0.84 (0.48 to 1.65)

Neighbourhood SES (%)

 Tertile 1 (least disadvantaged)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Tertile 2

0.86 (0.77 to 0.98)

1.00 (0.76 to 1.28)

 Tertile 3 (most disadvantaged)

0.79 (0.67 to 0.64)

1.04 (0.55 to 1.74)

Human Development Index (%)

 Low HDI

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Moderate HDI

1.26 (0.91 to 1.69)

0.94 (0.36 to 1.75)

 High HDI

1.26 (0.84 to 1.70)

1.09 (0.48 to 2.05)

Random-effect

Country-level

  Variance (95% CrI)

0.18 (0.10 to 0.31)

0.46 (0.21 to 0.89)

Neighbourhood-level

  Variance (95% CrI)

0.00 (0.00 to 0.00)

0.00 (0.00 to 0.00)

  1. OR Odds ratio, CrI Credible interval, MOR Median odds ratio, VPC Variance partition coefficient, DIC Bayesian Deviance Information Criteria