Measuring the impact of household energy consumption on respiratory diseases in India

Table 4 Adjusted logistic regression of the socio-demographic factors and respiratory diseases

Chronic Respiratory Disease	Adjusted logistic regression
Chronic Respiratory Disease	Odds Ratio	P Value	Confidence Interval at 95%
Cooking Fuel used
LPG/Electricity/Biogas	1.00
Firewood	1.27	0.001	1.19–1.35
Crop Residue	1.33	0.001	1.19–1.48
Cow Dung Cake	1.17	0.007	1.04–1.31
Coal^**	1.60	0.001	1.32–1.93
Kerosene	1.40	0.001	1.14–1.71
Standard of Living Index
High	1.00
Middle	1.24	0.001	1.16–1.32
Low	1.46	0.001	1.34–1.58
Religion
Hindu	1.00
Muslim	1.13	0.003	1.04–1.22
Christian	0.97	0.568	0.89–1.07
Sikh	1.28	0.001	1.18–1.38
Others	1.09	0.109	0.98–1.21
Caste
Others	1.00
SCs	1.07	0.032	1.00–1.14
STs	1.24	0.001	1.14–1.35
OBCs	0.96	0.144	0.90–1.01
Locality
Urban	1.00
Rural	1.08	0.003	1.03–1.14
Household Structure
Pucca	1.00
Semi-pucca	1.09	0.002	1.03–1.16
Kachha	1.18	0.001	1.09–1.28
Other	0.95	0.763	0.66–1.35
Cooking Arrangement
Kitchen Inside-Cooking	1.00
No-Kitchen Inside-cooking	1.09	0.016	1.02–1.18
Kitchen Outside-cooking	1.07	0.056^*	1.00–1.14
No Kitchen Outside Cooking	1.05	0.381	0.94–1.16
Source of Lighting
Electricity/Solar	1.00
Kerosene	1.18	0.005	1.05–1.33
Other-oils	0.84	0.261	0.62–1.13

Note: Figures are based on authors’ calculation from DLHS-IV ^* Significant at 10% ^** includes coke and lignite

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