|
Characteristics
|
Asian
|
WHO
|
|---|
|
COR
|
(95% CI)
|
AOR
|
(95% CI)
|
COR
|
(95% CI)
|
AOR
|
(95% CI)
|
|---|
|
Age (in years)
|
|
15–19
|
2.28 (2.22–2.34)
|
2.07 (2.00–2.13)
|
3.00 (2.91–3.08)
|
2.58 (2.51–2.66)
|
|
20–29
|
1.37 (1.33–1.41)
|
1.53 (1.50–1.57)
|
1.61 (1.57–1.65)
|
1.81 (1.77–1.85)
|
|
30–39
|
1.01 (0.98–1.04)
|
1.08 (1.06–1.11)
|
1.06 (1.03–1.09)
|
1.15 (1.12–1.17)
|
|
40–49 (Ref.)
|
1.0
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Parity
|
|
Never pregnant
|
1.45 (1.40–1.49)
|
0.82 (0.79–0.85)
|
1.60 (1.56–1.65)
|
0.80 (0.77–0.83)
|
|
1–4
|
0.87 (0.85–0.90)
|
0.88 (0.86–0.91)
|
0.82 (0.80–0.85)
|
0.85 (0.83–0.88)
|
|
≥ 5 (Ref.)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Hormonal contraceptive use
|
|
No
|
1.49 (1.41–1.57)
|
1.17 (1.13–1.21)
|
1.58 (1.49–1.66)
|
1.20 (1.16–1.24)
|
|
Yes (Ref.)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Marital status
|
|
Never married
|
1.67 (1.52–1.83)
|
1.24 (1.16–1.33)
|
1.90 (1.74–2.07)
|
1.26 (1.18–1.35)
|
|
Married
|
0.95 (0.87–1.04)
|
0.87 (0.82–0.93)
|
0.92 (0.84–1.01)
|
0.84 (0.79–0.90)
|
|
Widowed
|
0.97 (0.88–1.08)
|
0.96 (0.90–1.04)
|
0.93 (0.84–1.02)
|
0.96 (0.89–1.03)
|
|
Divorced/separated (Ref.)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Religion
|
|
Hindu
|
1.39 (1.31–1.46)
|
1.56 (1.51–1.60)
|
1.46 (1.38–1.54)
|
1.61 (1.56–1.65)
|
|
Muslim
|
1.32 (1.25–1.41)
|
1.51 (1.47–1.57)
|
1.37 (1.29–1.45)
|
1.51 (1.47–1.56)
|
|
Others (Ref.)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Caste
|
|
Scheduled caste
|
1.27 (1.23–1.31)
|
1.12 (1.10–1.15)
|
1.35 (1.31–1.39)
|
1.14 (1.12–1.16)
|
|
Scheduled tribe
|
1.47 (1.42–1.53)
|
0.96 (0.94–0.99)
|
1.67 (1.61–1.73)
|
0.99 (0.97–1.01)
|
|
Other backward class
|
1.19 (1.16–1.23)
|
1.08 (1.06–1.10)
|
1.25 (1.21–1.28)
|
1.10 (1.08–1.12)
|
|
Others (Ref.)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Education
|
|
No formal education
|
1.44 (1.38–1.49)
|
1.35 (1.31–1.39)
|
1.54 (1.48–1.60)
|
1.41 (1.37–1.45)
|
|
Primary
|
1.37 (1.31–1.43)
|
1.24 (1.20–1.28)
|
1.43 (1.37–1.49)
|
1.26 (1.22–1.30)
|
|
Secondary
|
1.52 (1.47–1.58)
|
1.17 (1.14–1.20)
|
1.60 (1.54–1.66)
|
1.17 (1.14–1.20)
|
|
Higher (Ref.)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Wealth quintile
|
|
Poorest
|
2.19 (2.09–2.29)
|
1.99 (1.93–2.05)
|
2.78 (2.65–2.91)
|
2.33 (2.26–2.40)
|
|
Poorer
|
1.89 (1.80–1.98)
|
1.69 (1.64–1.73)
|
2.26 (2.15–2.36)
|
1.90 (1.85–1.95)
|
|
Middle
|
1.59 (1.51–1.67)
|
1.42 (1.38–1.45)
|
1.79 (1.71–1.88)
|
1.53 (1.49–1.57)
|
|
Richer
|
1.33 (1.26–1.39)
|
1.24 (1.20–1.27)
|
1.41 (1.34–1.48)
|
1.28 (1.25–1.32)
|
|
Richest (Ref.)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Place of residence
|
|
Urban (Ref.)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Rural
|
1.41 (1.37–1.45)
|
1.06 (1.04–1.08)
|
1.58 (1.53–1.62)
|
1.09 (1.07–1.11)
|
|
Region
|
|
Central
|
1.20 (1.17–1.24)
|
1.26 (1.23–1.29)
|
1.29 (1.25–1.32)
|
1.31 (1.28–1.33)
|
|
Eastern
|
1.20 (1.16–1.23)
|
1.21 (1.19–1.23)
|
1.24 (1.20–1.28)
|
1.23 (1.20–1.25)
|
|
Northeastern
|
0.92 (0.88–0.96)
|
0.81 (0.79–0.83)
|
0.94 (0.91–0.98)
|
0.80 (0.78–0.83)
|
|
Northern (Ref.)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Southern
|
0.93 (0.90–0.96)
|
1.15 (1.12–1.18)
|
0.86 (0.83–0.89)
|
1.12 (1.09–1.14)
|
|
Western
|
1.28 (1.24–1.33)
|
1.55 (1.52–1.58)
|
1.28 (1.23–1.32)
|
1.59 (1.56–1.62)
|
- 1. Asian and WHO classifications categorize normal weight as BMI 18.5–22.9 and 18.5–24.9 Kg/m2, respectively. Both classifications define underweight as the BMI of < 18.5 Kg/m2
- 2. The p values were below < 0.05 when the 95% confidence interval did not include 1
- AOR Adjusted odds ratio, COR Crude odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, WHO World Health Organization
