Table 3 Relationship between outcomes and Exposures with Covariates
Covariates | Stunted | Underweight | Decision-making | Violence Attitudes | Experience of violence | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Category | Frequency (%) | Chi-2 p-value | Cases (%) | Chi-2 p-value | Cases (%) | Rank sum/Kruskil Wallis p-value | Chi-2 p-value | |
Wealth Index | Poorest | 32,073 (22.7) | < 0.001 | 14,213 (44.3) | < 0.001 | 8363 (26.1) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Poorer | 31,291 (22.2) | 12,861 (41.1) | 7095 (22.7) | ||||||
Middle | 28,160 (19.9) | 10,256 (36.4) | 5292 (18.8) | ||||||
Richer | 26,679 (18.9) | 8284 (31.1) | 4364 (16.4) | ||||||
Richest | 23,072 (16.3) | 4677 (20.3) | 2509 (10.9) | ||||||
Total | 141,275 (100) | 50,291 (35.6) | 27,623 (19.6) | ||||||
Type of Residence | Urban | 39,889 (28.2) | < 0.001 | 9988 (25.0) | < 0.001 | 5405 (13.6) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Rural | 101,386 (71.8) | 40,303 (39.8) | 22,218 (21.9) | ||||||
Total | 141,275 (100) | 50,291 (35.6) | 27,623 (19.6) | ||||||
Child age | < 1 year | 30,188 (21.4) | < 0.001 | 5518 (18.3) | < 0.001 | 4417 (14.6) | < 0.001 | 0.822 | 0.180 |
1 | 29,238 (20.7) | 11,222 (38.4) | 6110 (20.9) | ||||||
2 | 27,362 (19.4) | 12,274 (44.9) | 5926 (21.7) | ||||||
3 | 27,736 (19.6) | 11,561 (41.7) | 5695 (20.5) | ||||||
4 | 26,752 (18.9) | 9716 (36.3) | 5476 (20.5) | ||||||
Total | 141,275 (100) | 50,291 (35.6) | 27,623 (19.6) | ||||||
Sex of Child | Male | 70,839 (50.1) | < 0.001 | 26,709 (37.7) | < 0.001 | 14,658 (20.7) | 0.601 | 1.000 | 0.859 |
Female | 70,436 (49.9) | 23,582 (33.5) | 12,965 (18.4) | ||||||
Total | 141,275 (100) | 50,291 (35.6) | 27,623 (19.6) | ||||||
Birth order | 1st-2nd | 51,827 (36.7) | < 0.001 | 17,402 (33.6) | < 0.001 | 8871 (17.1) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
3rd-4th | 42,151 (29.8) | 14,651 (34.8) | 7958 (18.9) | ||||||
5th–6th | 26,607 (18.8) | 10,059 (37.8) | 5727 (21.5) | ||||||
More than 6th | 20,691 (14.7) | 8180 (39.5) | 5067 (24.5) | ||||||
Total | 141,275 (100) | 50,291 (35.6) | 27,623 (19.6) | ||||||
Respondents’ age | 15–19 | 6541 (4.6) | < 0.001 | 2419 (37.0) | < 0.001 | 1368 (20.9) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
20–24 | 28,864 (20.4) | 10,739 (37.2) | 5562 (19.3) | ||||||
25–29 | 39,985 (28.3) | 14,028 (35.1) | 7610 (19.0) | ||||||
30–34 | 31,566 (22.3) | 10,738 (34.0) | 5957 (18.9) | ||||||
35–39 | 21,410 (15.2) | 7545 (35.2) | 4391 (20.5) | ||||||
40–44 | 9859 (7.0) | 3629 (36.8) | 2040 (20.7) | ||||||
45–49 | 3050 (2.2) | 1193 (39.1) | 695 (22.8) | ||||||
Total | 141,275 (100) | 50,291 (35.6) | 27,623 (19.6) | ||||||
Maternal BMI | Not low BMI | 128,170 (90.7) | < 0.001 | 44,510 (34.7) | < 0.001 | 23,280 (18.2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Low BMI | 13,106 (9.3) | 5781 (44.1) | 4343 (33.1) | ||||||
Total | 141,275 (100) | 50,291 (35.6) | 27,623 (19.6) | ||||||
Educational attainment | No education | 59,627 (42.2) | < 0.001 | 25,153 (42.2) | < 0.001 | 16,293 (27.3) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Primary | 49,037 (34.7) | 17,789 (36.3) | 7853 (16.0) | ||||||
Secondary | 28,302 (20.0) | 6824 (24.1) | 3207 (11.3) | ||||||
Higher | 4309 (3.1) | 525 (12.2) | 270 (6.3) | ||||||
Total | 141,275 (100) | 50,291 (35.6) | 27,623 (19.6) | ||||||
Respondent and husband age differential | > 8 years | 52,856 (37.4) | < 0.001 | 19,089 (36.1) | < 0.001 | 12,045 (22.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
8–4 years | 53,483 (37.9) | 18,667 (34.9) | 9841 (18.4) | ||||||
3-1 years | 30,733 (21.8) | 10,979 (35.7) | 5016 (16.3) | ||||||
No diff or older | 4203 (3.0) | 1556 (37.0) | 721 (17.2) | ||||||
Total | 141,275 (100) | 50,291 (35.6) | 27,623 (19.6) | ||||||
Respondent and husband educational differential | Same Education | 57,186 (40.5) | < 0.001 | 22,207 (38.8) | < 0.001 | 14,190 (24.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Less education | 60,565 (42.9) | 20,482 (33.8) | 9966 (16.5) | ||||||
More education | 23,524 (16.7) | 7602 (32.3) | 3467 (14.7) | ||||||
Total | 141,275 (100) | 50,291 (35.6) | 27,623 (19.6) | ||||||
Husbands’ education | No education | 48,002 (34.0) | < 0.001 | 20,414 (42.5) | < 0.001 | 13,566 (28.3) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Primary | 46,178 (32.7) | 17,268 (37.4) | 7905 (17.1) | ||||||
Secondary | 37,937 (26.9) | 10,936 (28.8) | 5226 (13.8) | ||||||
Higher | 9158 (6.5) | 1672 (18.3) | 926 (10.1) | ||||||
Total | 141,275 (100) | 50,291 (35.6) | 27,623 (19.6) | ||||||
Age at first marriage | 15–17 years | 50,690 (35.9) | 19,937 (39.3) | < 0.001 | 11,372 (22.4) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
18–20 years | 48,377 (34.2) | 17,318 (35.8) | 9114 (18.8) | ||||||
21–23 years | 24,770 (17.5) | 8107 (32.7) | 4282 (17.3) | ||||||
24–26 years | 10,586 (7.5) | 3157 (29.8) | 1789 (16.9) | ||||||
27 plus | 6852 (4.9) | 1773 (25.9) | 1065 (15.5) | ||||||
Total | 141,275 (100) | 50,291 (35.6) | 27,623 (19.6) | ||||||