Table 3 Multilevel Logistic Regression results for Smoking Tobacco

Variables

Odds ratio

(95% CI)

Odds ratio

(95% CI)

Odds ratio

(95% CI)

Fixed part

 Survey year (ref: 2008–09)

0.767* (0.693, 0.853)

0.760* (0.685, 0.843)

0.745* (0.671, 0.827)

 Gender (ref: Male)

13.161* (11.759, 14.731)

25.937* (21.140, 31.822)

5.236* (4.274, 6.414)

  20–24

3.150* (2.561, 3.874)

3.253* (2.645, 4.001)

3.352* (2.726, 4.123)

  25–44

4.217* (3.436, 5.175)

4.308* (3.510, 5.286)

4.586* (3.734, 5.634)

  45–49

3.397* (2.687, 4.295)

3.461* (2.737, 4.376)

3.688* (2.913, 4.668)

  No education/Primary less than 4-year

2.459* (1.756, 3.445)

2.694* (1.906, 3.808)

–

  Primary 8-year

1.352* (1.152, 1.587)

1.431* (1.221, 1.676)

–

  Secondary/Professional/technical

1.075 (0.931, 1.240)

1.104 (0.959, 1.270)

–

  Male X No education/Primary less than 4-year

–

–

3.017* (1.963, 4.636)

  Male X Primary 8-year

–

–

2.392* (1.976, 2.895)

  Male X Secondary/Professional/technical

–

–

1.653* (1.387, 1.969)

  Female X No education/Primary less than 4-year

–

–

1.746** (1.100, 2.771)

  Female X Primary 8-year

–

–

0.515* (0.409, 0.650)

  Female X Secondary/Professional/technical

–

–

0.603* (0.487, 0.747)

  Non drinker

0.421* (0.378, 0.468)

0.435* (0.391, 0.483)

0.438* (0.394, 0.487)

  Binge drinker

1.589** (1.101, 2.293)

1.526** (1.057, 2.202)

1.529** (1.058, 2.209)

 Health awareness on Smoking

0.542* (0.395, 0.743)

0.528* (0.382, 0.730)

0.537* (0.390, 0.740)

  Married

0.923 (0.810, 1.056)

0.927 (0.812 1.057)

0.932 (0.817, 1.062)

  Divorced

2.678* (2.021, 3.574)

2.711* (2.032, 3.616)

2.751* (2.063, 3.667)

  Professional/Clerical/Sales/Services

1.437* (1.254, 1.646)

1.389* (1.214, 1.589)

1.334* (1.165, 1.528)

  Skilled Manual

1.607* (1. 398, 1.849)

1.541* (1.340, 1.771)

1.452* (1.259, 1.675)

  Agriculture

1.077 (0.904, 1.282)

1.031 (0.862, 1.233)

0.987 (0.825, 1.181)

  Unskilled Manual/Other

1.433* (1.195, 1.720)

1.386* (1.155, 1.662)

1.352* (1.125, 1.624)

  Quintile 2

0.871*** (0.750, 1.012)

–

0.869*** (0.746, 1.012)

  Quintile 3

0.839** (0.709, 0.993)

–

0.850*** (0.716, 1.008)

  Quintile 4

0.886 (0.735, 1.066)

–

0.888 (0.736, 1.072)

  Quintile 5(Very Rich)

0.901 (0.732, 1.109)

–

0.890 (0.723, 1.096)

  Male X Quintile 3

–

0.802** (0.682, 0.943)

–

  Male X Quintile 4

–

0.800** (0.670, 0.956)

–

  Male X Quintile 5

–

0.673* (0.551, 0.822)

–

  Female X Quintile 3

–

1.516* (1.154, 1.992)

–

  Female X Quintile 4

–

1.857* (1.430, 2.412)

–

  Female X Quintile 5

2.597* (1.983, 3.402)

–

  Orthodox

0.962 (0.800, 1.157)

0.945 (0.787, 1.134)

0.934 (0.778, 1.121)

  Catholic

0.962 (0.775, 1.194)

0.948 (0.765, 1.174)

0.945 (0.762, 1.173)

  Bektashi

0.637** (0.435, 0.933)

0.631** (0.432, 0.922)

0.647** (0.443, 0.947)

  Atheist

1.502*** (0.981, 2.300)

1.477*** (0.971, 2.246)

1.492*** (0.982, 2.268)

  Other

1.009 (0.500, 2.035)

1.014 (0.508, 2.024)

1.046 (0.522, 2.098)

 Urban (ref: Rural)

1.460* (1.275, 1.671)

1.430* (1.249, 1.636)

1.451* (1.267, 1.662)

  Berat

0.675* (0.525, 0.867)

0.699** (0.544, 0.897)

0.698** (0.543, 0.898)

  Dibër

0.770** (0.618, 0.958)

0.797** (0.641, 0.991)

0.776** (0.623, 0.966)

  Durrës.

0.581* (0.463, 0.729)

0.577* (0.461, 0.723)

0.582* (0.464, 0.731)

  Elbasan

0.708* (0.579, 0.867)

0.731* (0.598, 0.893)

0.721* (0.589, 0.882)

  Fier

0.512* (0.410, 0.639)

0.527* (0.423, 0.657)

0.529* (0.424, 0.660)

  Gjirokastër.

0.758** (0.581, 0.990)

0.772*** (0.593, 1.006)

0.765** (0.587, 0.997)

  Korçë

0.621* (0.499, 0.772)

0.633* (0.510, 0.787)

0.639* (0.514, 0.794)

  Kukës

0.506* (0.404, 0.634)

0.514* (0.411, 0.643)

0.505* (0.403, 0.632)

  Lezhë

0.432* (0.319, 0.585)

0.449* (0.332, 0.608)

0.444* (0.327, 0.601)

  Shkodër.

0.687* (0.568, 0.881)

0.700** (0.548, 0.896)

0.692* (0.540, 0.885)

  Vlorë

0.944 (0.747, 1.192)

0.965 (0.767, 1.215)

0.962 (0.763, 1.213)

  β_ehat

2.915* (2.325, 3.655)

2.767* (2.206, 3.469)

2.728* (2.175, 3.422)

  Constant

0.031* (0.021, 0.048)

0.017* (0.011, 0.026)

0.0523* (0.034, 0.081)

 ρ^a

0.044

0.042

0.042

 ψ^b

0.150 (0.101, 0.223)

0.144 (0.096, 0.216)

0.145 (0.097, 0.217)

 LR test statistic^c

43.59*

40.48*

41.54*

 Level 1 Units (N)

25,111

25, 111

25,111

 Level 2 Units

715

715

715