| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed effects | |||||
 Intercept | −0.5697*** (0.0507) | −0.9583*** (0.0581) | −0.9282*** (0.0592) | −0.9678*** (0.0583) | −0.9344*** (0.0580) |
 Age | 0.0166*** (0.0017) | 0.0181*** (0.0017) | 0.0206*** (0.0018) | 0.0207*** (0.0018) | 0.0205*** (0.0017) |
 Age2 | −0.0012*** (0.0001) | − 0.0012*** (0.0001) | − 0.0013*** (0.0001) | −0.0013*** (0.0001) | − 0.0012*** (0.0001) |
 Ethnicity (ref. Han) |  | −0.1486*** (0.0359) | −0.1474*** (0.0361) | − 0.1423*** (0.0357) | − 0.1482*** (0.0361) |
 Education (ref. less than college) |  | 0.1348*** (0.0289) | 0.2155*** (0.0307) | 0.1387*** (0.0292) | 0.2100*** (0.0306) |
 Residence (ref. rural) |  | 0.1210*** (0.0191) | 0.1234*** (0.0196) | 0.1234*** (0.0192) | 0.1226*** (0.0196) |
 Gender (ref. women) |  | 0.1973*** (0.0187) | 0.2357*** (0.0200) | 0.2493 (0.1540) | 0.2824** (0.0583) |
 Household income |  | 0.1486*** (0.0129) | 0.1486*** (0.0130) | 0.1518*** (0.0130) | 0.1480*** (0.0130) |
 Age*gender |  |  | −0.0306*** (0.0013) |  | −0.0253*** (0.0028) |
 Age*residence |  |  | 0.0004 (0.0013) |  | 0.0003 (0.0013) |
 Age*education |  |  | 0.0186*** (0.0020) |  | 0.0180*** (0.0020) |
 Age*gender*residence |  |  | 0.0001 (0.0025) |  | −0.0001 (0.0025) |
 Age*gender*education |  |  | −0.0266*** (0.0038) |  | −0.0242*** (0.0039) |
Random effects variance components | |||||
 Period effect | |||||
  Intercept | 0.0048 (0.0035) | 0.0029 (0.0023) | 0.0025 (0.0021) | 0.0020 (0.0017) | 0.0026 (0.0021) |
 Cohort effect | |||||
  Intercept | 0.0123* (0.0067) | 0.0122* (0.0065) | 0.0136* (0.0074) | 0.0136* (0.0071) | 0.0122* (0.0069) |
  Gender |  |  |  | 0.3236** (0.1306) | 0.0378* (0.0199) |