First author, year | Primary outcome(s) | Change in intervention group | Change in control group | Effect size (95% CI) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Educational interventions | |||||
Llor et al. 2014 [13] | change in the odds ratio of antibiotic prescribing (full intervention group) | 0.50 (0.44 to 0.57,) | p < 0.001 | ||
change in the odds ratio of antibiotic prescribing (partial intervention group) | 0.99 (0.89 to 1.10) | NR | |||
Wei et al. 2017 [14] | Antibiotic prescription rate | -42% | -5% | -29% | <0.001 |
the multiple antibiotic prescription rate | -6% | 6% | 1% | 0.57 | |
the broad-spectrum antibiotic prescription rate | -10% | -5% | -4% | 0.3 | |
the intravenous antibiotic prescription rate | -6% | 0 | -8% | 0.07 | |
Hernandez Santiago et al. 2015 [15] | the rate per 1000 registered patients dispensed one or more 4C antimicrobial prescriptions after 6 months of the intervention | -33.5% (–26.1% to –40.9%) | NR | ||
After 12 months of the intervention | -42.2%(–34.2% to –50.2%) | NR | |||
After 24 months of the intervention | -55.5%(–45.9% to –65.1%) | NR | |||
Hürlimann et al. 2014 [17] | The percentage of prescriptions of penicillins for all treated RTIs | 11.8% | 0.7% | 11.1% | 0.01 |
the percentage of trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole prescriptions for all uncomplicated lower UTIs treated with antibiotics | 13.3% | 2.7% | 10.6% | 0.01 | |
Lemiengre et al. 2018 [16] | Change in immediate antibiotic prescribing (intervention group of POC CRP vs. control) | 1.01(0.57 to 1.79) | <0.1 | ||
Change in immediate antibiotic prescribing (intervention group of BISNA vs. control) | 2.04 (1.19 to 3.50). | <0.1 | |||
Change in immediate antibiotic prescribing (intervention group both POC CRP and BISNA vs. control) | 1.17 (0.66 to 2.09) | <0.1 | |||
Audit and feedback interventions | |||||
Altiner et al. 2007 [18] | the ORs for the prescription of an antibiotic (after 6 weeks of the intervention) | 0.58 (0.43 to 0.78), p<0.001 | 1.52(1.19 to 1.95), p=0.001 | ||
the ORs for the prescription of an antibiotic (after 12 months of the intervention) | 0.72 (0.54 to 0.97), p=0.028 | 1.31(1.01 to 1.71), p=0.044 | |||
Welschen et al. 2004 [20] | Antibiotic prescription rates for acute symptoms of the respiratory tract | -4% | 8% | -12% | <0.05 |
Gerber et al. 2013 [19] | Rates of broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing for bacterial ARTIs | -13% | -6% | -7% | =0.1 |
van der Velden et al. 2016 [21] | changes in dispensed antibiotics/1000 registered patients (first year) | -7.6% | -0.4% | -7.2% | =0.002 |
changes in dispensed antibiotics/1000 registered patients (second year) | -4.3% | 2% | -6.3% | =0.015 | |
Health policy change strategies | |||||
Xiaoxia 2017 [24] | changes in types of antibiotics | <0.01 | |||
changes in drug administration of antibiotics | |||||
changes in combined application of antibiotic | |||||
Yip et al. 2014 [23] | Change in antibiotic prescription rates at township health centers | :6.6% | 8.4% | -15% | <0.05 |
Change in antibiotic prescription rates at village posts | -6.0% | 10% | -16% | <0.05 | |
Yang 2014 [22] | Percentage of prescriptions requiring antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections; | -3.02%; | -0.54% | -2.48% | =0.419 |
Percentage of prescriptions requiring two or more antibiotics | 1.93% | 5.65% | -3.72% | =0.049 | |
Information system supported interventions | |||||
Gulliford et al. 2014 [25] | Proportion of consultations with antibiotics prescribed | -1.85% (0.1% to 3.59%) | =0.38 | ||
the rate of antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections | -9.69% (0.75% to 18.63%) | =0.34 | |||
Vellinga et al. 2016 [26] | proportion of antimicrobial prescribing according to guidelines for urinary tract infection (arm A vs. control) | 22.8% | -1.70% | 24.5% | <0.001 |
proportion of antimicrobial prescribing according to guidelines for urinary tract infection (arm B vs. control) | 16.7% | -1.70% | 18.4% | <0.001 | |
Blair 2017 [28] | Antibiotic prescribing rates for children’s RTIs | -12% | -21% | 9% | =0.018 |
Mainous et al. 2013 [27] | Prescribing of broad-spectrum antibiotics rate | -16.60% | 1.10% | -17.70% | <0.0001 |
Meeker et al. 2016 [29] | The antibiotic prescribing rate for antibiotic-inappropriate acute respiratory tract infection (intervention1 vs. control) | -16% | -11% | -5% | <0.01 |
The antibiotic prescribing rate for antibiotic-inappropriate acute respiratory tract infection (intervention 2 vs. control) | -18.1% | -11% | -7.1% | <0.01 | |
The antibiotic prescribing rate for antibiotic-inappropriate acute respiratory tract infection (intervention3 vs. control) | -16.3% | -11% | -5.3% | <0.01 |