| |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI)
|
P-valueb
|
Adjusted OR (95% CI)c
|
P-valueb
|
|---|
|
Area of residence
| |
0.525
| |
0.003
|
|
Urban
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
|
Rural
|
0.93 (0.75–1.16)
| |
1.62 (1.18–2.24)
| |
|
Mother’s age group
| |
< 0.001
| |
0.010
|
|
15–19
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
|
20–24
|
0.85 (0.60–1.20)
| |
1.26 (0.94–1.69)
| |
|
25–29
|
1.06 (0.76–1.49)
| |
1.24 (0.97–1.60)
| |
|
30–34
|
0.86 (0.62–1.19)
| |
1.29 (0.99–1.68)
| |
|
35–39
|
0.80 (0.57–1.13)
| |
1.34 (0.99–1.83)
| |
|
40–44
|
0.95 (0.65–1.40)
| |
0.99 (0.73–1.34)
| |
|
45–49
|
1.96 (1.15–3.36)
| |
0.88 (0.58–1.34)
| |
|
Number ANC visits
| |
< 0.001
| |
< 0.001
|
|
None
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
|
1
|
0.79 (0.56–1.12)
| |
1.94 (1.55–2.42)
| |
|
2
|
0.87 (0.62–1.21)
| |
3.31 (2.67–4.10)
| |
|
3
|
0.55 (0.39–0.77)
| |
5.07 (3.87–6.64)
| |
|
4+
|
0.28 (0.21–0.37)
| |
4.64 (3.69–5.84)
| |
|
Combined wealth index
| |
< 0.001
| |
0.264
|
|
Poorest
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
|
Poorer
|
1.61 (0.73–3.53)
| |
0.87 (0.72–1.05)
| |
|
Middle
|
1.14 (0.55–2.37)
| |
0.77 (0.59–0.99)
| |
|
Richer
|
0.13 (0.06–0.27)
| |
0.94 (0.73–1.20)
| |
|
Richest
|
0.01 (0.00–0.01)
| |
0.89 (0.62–1.29)
| |
|
Mother’s highest education leveld
| |
< 0.001
| |
< 0.001
|
|
None
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
|
Primary
|
0.33 (0.26–0.41)
| |
1.90 (1.45–2.49)
| |
|
Secondary
|
0.24 (0.16–0.34)
| |
2.35 (1.62–3.41)
| |
|
Higher
|
0.12 (0.07–0.21)
| |
1.46 (0.71–3.03)
| |
|
Husband’s highest education level
| |
< 0.001
| |
0.011
|
|
None
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
|
Primary
|
0.49 (0.40–0.59)
| |
1.20 (1.02–1.42)
| |
|
Secondary
|
0.40 (0.32–0.50)
| |
1.29 (1.10–1.51)
| |
|
Higher
|
0.20 (0.15–0.28)
| |
1.41 (1.03–1.93)
| |
|
Distance to health facility
| |
< 0.001
| |
0.249
|
|
Big problem
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
|
Not a big problem
|
0.31 (0.24–0.38)
| |
1.09 (0.94–1.28)
| |
|
Getting permission to seek medical care
| |
< 0.001
| |
0.001
|
|
Big problem
|
1.00
| |
1.00
| |
|
Not a big problem
|
0.48 (0.39–0.59)
| |
1.28 (1.11–1.49)
| |
- aN = 18,058; only cases with no missing values used for analysis
- bFrom adjusted Wald test
- cAdjusted for area of residence, mother’s age group, number antenatal care visits, combined wealth index, mother’s highest education level, husband’s highest education level, distance to health facility and getting permission to seek medical care
- dAdjusted Wald test for interaction p = 0.275
