Table 5 The effect of tobacco price on the prevalence of smoking
From: The effects of tobacco taxation and pricing on the prevalence of smoking in Africa
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
L.Smoking | 1.30*** | 1.31*** | 1.38*** |
(0.07) | (0.07) | (0.10) | |
GDP per cap. | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.09 |
(0.05) | (0.05) | (0.08) | |
Urbanization | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.39* |
(0.23) | (0.23) | (0.22) | |
Price | −0.43*** | − 0.44*** | − 0.52*** |
(0.10) | (0.11) | (0.14) | |
Death rate | −0.06 | − 0.02 | |
(0.24) | (0.16) | ||
FDI | −0.04 | ||
(0.03) | |||
Constant | −3.78** | −3.65* | −4.99** |
(1.54) | (1.93) | (2.11) | |
Observations | 144 | 144 | 144 |
Countries | 24 | 24 | 24 |
Instruments | 15 | 16 | 17 |
AR(2) | −0.90 | −0.97 | −0.85 |
AR(2) p-value | 0.37 | 0.33 | 0.40 |
Hansen | 4.88 | 4.82 | 2.43 |
Hansen p-value | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.79 |
Wald chi2 | 680.90 | 951.53 | 1253.67 |
Wald chi2 p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |