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Table 5 The effect of tobacco price on the prevalence of smoking

From: The effects of tobacco taxation and pricing on the prevalence of smoking in Africa

  Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
L.Smoking 1.30*** 1.31*** 1.38***
(0.07) (0.07) (0.10)
GDP per cap. 0.07 0.07 0.09
(0.05) (0.05) (0.08)
Urbanization 0.28 0.31 0.39*
(0.23) (0.23) (0.22)
Price −0.43*** − 0.44*** − 0.52***
(0.10) (0.11) (0.14)
Death rate   −0.06 − 0.02
  (0.24) (0.16)
FDI    −0.04
   (0.03)
Constant −3.78** −3.65* −4.99**
(1.54) (1.93) (2.11)
Observations 144 144 144
Countries 24 24 24
Instruments 15 16 17
AR(2) −0.90 −0.97 −0.85
AR(2) p-value 0.37 0.33 0.40
Hansen 4.88 4.82 2.43
Hansen p-value 0.43 0.44 0.79
Wald chi2 680.90 951.53 1253.67
Wald chi2 p-value 0.00 0.00 0.00
  1. L.Smoking refers to the first lag of smoking prevalence; Death rate and FDI are introduced in Models 2 and 3 to show the robustness of the effect of price; AR (2) refers to second-order serial correlation test; Hansen refers to the test for overidentification; Robust standard errors in parentheses; * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01; For brevity, year dummies are not reported
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Global Health Research and Policy

ISSN: 2397-0642

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