Table 4 The association between parent’s nationality and 1) the practices of PSMA, 2) knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward antibiotic use

Nationality of parents

 Occidental

Ref

 Chinese

7.070*

− 0.549*

− 3.069***

− 1.976**

(1.315–38.010)

(− 1.021– − 0.078)

(− 4.182– − 1.956)

(− 3.162– − 0.790)

 Other Asian

0.500

− 0.974***

− 4.088***

− 4.992***

(0.059–4.266)

(− 1.484– − 0.463)

(− 5.294– − 2.882)

(− 6.276– − 3.707)

Gender of parents

 Male

Ref

 Female

1.191

− 0.110

2.908***

0.991*

(0.339–4.183)

(− 0.502–0.281)

(1.983–3.833)

(0.005–1.977)

 Age of parents, years

0.971

− 0.067**

− 0.066

− 0.170**

(0.874–1.079)

(− 0.110– − 0.024)

(− 0.168–0.036)

(− 0.279− − 0.061)

Education level of parents

 Below bachelor

Ref

 Bachelor

0.611

− 0.478*

0.528

1.296*

(0.209–1.788)

(− 0.932– − 0.024)

(− 0.544–1.600)

(0.153–2.438)

 Master and above

0.495

− 0.259

0.529

2.265***

(0.148–1.656)

(− 0.749–0.230)

(− 0.627–1.685)

(1.033–3.496)

Income, million, CNY

 < 0.5

Ref

 0.5–1

3.568*

− 0.028

− 0.685

− 0.199

(1.312–9.702)

(− 0.434–0.378)

(− 1.644–0.275)

(− 1.222–0.823)

 > 1

0.661

0.304

− 0.736

0.251

(0.201–2.178)

(− 0.173–0.782)

(− 1.865–0.392)

(− 0.951–1.453)

Having medical staff or not in family

 No

Ref

 Yes

2.764*

0.717***

0.558

0.636

(1.080–7.077)

(0.307–1.126)

(− 0.409–1.526)

(− 0.395–1.667)

Gender of children

 Male

Ref

 Female

0.734

0.145

0.131

− 0.511

(0.318–1.697)

(− 0.185–0.476)

(− 0.648–0.911)

(− 1.342–0.320)

 Age of children, years

0.856*

− 0.041

− 0.098

0.0521

(0.742–0.988)

(− 0.087–0.010)

(− 0.206–0.010)

(− 0.063–0.167)

The only child or not

 No

Ref

 Yes

1.042

− 0.219

− 1.331**

− 1.732***

(0.456–2.383)

(− 0.570–0.132)

(− 2.159– − 0.502)

(− 2.615– − 0.849)

Having medical insurance or not

 No

Ref

 Yes

0.364*

− 0.236

− 0.103

− 0.476

(0.141–0.943)

(− 0.638–0.167)

(− 1.053–0.848)

(− 1.489–0.536)

 Antibiotic score

0.923*

(0.865–0.984)