Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies (a) Part 1 and (b) Part 2

(a) Part 1

To et al. [8]

China

Case report

M, 33

–

142d

Cough and sputum, sore throat, fever and headache

Asymptomatic

Tillett et al. [9]

United States

Case report

M, 25

–

65d

Sore throat, cough, headache, nausea, and diarrhoea

Myalgia, cough, and shortness of breath

Borgogna et al. [10]

Italy

Case report

M, 52

–

–

Cough and fever

–

Gupta et al. [31]

India

Case report

M, 25 (HCW)

–

108d

Asymptomatic

Asymptomatic

F,28 (HCW)

–

111d

Asymptomatic

Asymptomatic

Larson et al. [32]

United States

Case report

M, 42

–

51d

Cough, subjective fever, and myalgia

Fevers, cough, shortness of breath and gastrointestinal symptoms

Staub et al. [33]

Luxembourg

Case report

M, 20s (HCW)

–

4m

Loss of smell and taste

Cough

F, 20s (HCW)

–

11m

Fever, headache, chills, diarrhoea, loss of taste and smell

Fever, chills, and headache

M, 30s (HCW)

–

20d

Asymptomatic

Chills, myalgia, and headache

F, 20s (HCW)

–

4m

Fever, muscle pain, headache, loss of taste and smell

Muscle pain and cough

Salehi-Vaziri et al. [34]

Iran

Case report

F, 32

–

63d

Headache, sore throat, cough, fever

Severe cough, fever, fatigue (severe)

M, 54

156d

Fatigue, anxiety, chest pain, cough, fever

Milder fatigue, chest pain, dizziness, diarrhea(less)

M, 42

111d

Shortness of breath, sore throat, shaking chills, pain, diarrhea

Similar to the first infection with severe diarrhea (similar)

Klein et al. [35]

United States

Case report

M, 60–70 (specific age unknown

–

232d

Fevers, fatigue, and dry cough

Fatigue and nonproductive cough

Shastri et al. [36]

India

Case report

M, 27 (HCW)

–

64d

Sore throat, nasal congestion and rhinitis

Myalgia, fever, non-productive cough, fatigue

F, 24 (HCW)

52d

Sore throat, rhinitis and myalgia

Fever, myalgia, rhinitis, sore throat, non-productive cough and fatigue

F, 25 (HCW)

136d

Fever, myalgia, dry cough.

Fever, myalgia, dry cough, nausea, abdominal pain, breathlessness on exertion.

Vetter et al. [37]

Switzerland

Case report

F, 36

–

200d

Asthenia and headache

Asthenia, shivering, rhinorrhoea, anosmia, arthralgia, headache and exertional dyspnoea

Harrington et al. [38]

United Kingdom

Case report

M, 78

–

253d

Mild illness

Shortness of breath, severe hypoxia (severe)

Prado-Vivar et al. [39]

Ecuador

Case report

M, 46

–

72d

Intense headache and drowsiness

Odynophagia, nasal congestion, fever of 38.5°C, strong back pain, productive cough and dyspnea (severe)

Moschetta et al. [40]

Brazil

Case report

F.39

–

8m

fever and cough

headache, myalgia, fever, and cough

M, 49

–

7m

cough with sputum

fever and cough

Scarpati et al. [41]

Italy

Case report

M, 63(HCW)

–

–

Asymptomatic

Respiratory failure. fever

Massanella et al. [42]

Spain

Case report

M, 62 (HCW)

–

–

fever, diarrhea, anosmia, dysgeusia, cough, intense asthenia, and arthromyalgias

intense arthromyalgias, headache, fever, cough, and dyspnea

Garvey et al. [43]

United Kingdom

Case report

M, 92

–

206d

Pyrexia, a dry cough and shortness of breath

Lethargy, persistent cough and pyrexia

M, 84

224d

Lethargy and confusion

Asymptomatic

M, 59

236d

Cough and fluctuating temperature

Asymptomatic

Siqueira et al. [44]

Brazil

Case report

F, 76

–

105d

Cough and fever

–

Sevillano et al. [45]

Ecuador

Case report

M, 28

–

104d

Sore throat, cough, headache, nausea, and diarrhea, anxiety and panic attacks

Anosmia, ageusia, fever, headache

Kulkarni et al. [46]

India

Case report

M, 61

–

103d

Asymptomatic

Weakness, cough

Lee et al. [47]

South Korea

Case report

F, 21

1/4

32d

Sore throat and cough (mild)

Sore throat and productive cough

Fintelman-Rodrigues et al. [48]

Brazil

Case report

M, 54

–

65d

Headache

Fever, dry cough, tiredness, body ache, anosmia, ageusia

M, 34

63d

Asymptomatic

Fever, nausea, tiredness, headache, body ache

F, 57

61d

Mild diarrhea

Fever, diarrhea, headache, body ache, anosmia, ageusia

F, 34

60d

Mild diarrhea

Dry cough, diarrhea, tiredness, headache, body ache, anosmia, ageusia

Fonseca et al. [49]

Brazil

Case report

M, 29 (HCW)

–

225d

Fever, myalgia, cough, sore throat, and diarrhea

Fever, myalgia, cough, sore throat, and diarrhea

Nonaka et al. [50]

Brazil

Case report

F, 45 (HCW)

–

147d

Diarrhea, myalgia, asthenia, and onophagia

Headache, malaise, diarrhea, cough, and sore throat that evolved to myalgia and ageusia, muscle fatigue, insomnia, mild dyspnea on exertion, and shortness of breath

Ramírez et al. [51]

Colombia

Case report

F, 54

–

34d

Cough, fever, odynophagia and fatigue

Fever and odynophagia

Alshukairi et al. [52]

Saudi Arabia

Case report

F, 51

–

160d

fever, cough, malaise, and headache

progressive fever and dyspnea

Aguilar-Shea et al. [53]

Spain

Case report

M, 39 (HCW)

–

9m

Sore throat, fever, general malaise and nasal congestion, exertional tachycardia and chest pain anosmia and ageusia

Uncomfortable night sleep, sore throat on waking, slight general malaise, nasal congestion and nasal discharge

Mulder et al. [54]

Netherlands

Case report

F, 89

–

59d

Fever and severe cough

Fever, cough, and dyspnea

Dhar et al. [55]

India

Case report

M, 52

–

73d

Asymptomatic

Low-grade fever and body ache

Goldman et al. [56]

United States

Case report

–, 60–69(specific age unknown)

1/176

140d

Fever, chills, productive cough, dyspnea and chest pain

Dyspnea, dry cough and weakness(less)

Marquez et al. [57]

United States

Case report

F, 16

–

90d

Sore throat, fatigue, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and a nonproductive cough

Leg pain, swelling, fatigue, abdominal tenderness, fever

Buddingh et al. [58]

Netherlands

Case report

F, 16

–

13m

–

Mild respiratory symptoms

Tang et al. [59]

United States

Case report

F, 20s

–

19d

Cough, chills, exertional dyspnea, sore throat, dizziness, rhinorrhea, fever

Cough, fatigue, and dyspnea

Amorim et al. [60]

Brazil

Case report

F, 35 (HCW)

–

55d

Fever, headache, chills, sneezing, coryza, and myalgia

Headache, nasal congestion, odynophagia, ageusia, and anosmia

F, 61 (HCW)

170d

Headache, cough, myalgia, dysphagy, coryza, diarrhea, and ageusia

Cough, myalgia, odynophagia, anosmia, and diarrhea

F, 40 (HCW)

131d

Nasal congestion, coryza, cough, ageusia

Odynophagia, sneezing, coryza, diarrhea, ageusia, and anosmia

F, 40 (HCW)

148d

Fever, headache, myalgia, coryza, dry cough, vomiting, and malaise

Odynophagia, dry cough, myalgia, malaise, coryza, and headache

Novazzi et al. [61]

Italy

Case report

M, 56

–

31d

Moderate dyspnea

–

M, 58

30d

–

–

Salehi-Vaziri et al. [62]

Iran

Case report

M, 42

–

128d

Cough, headache and severe diarrhea

Body pain, shortness of breath, headache and anosmia

Romano et al. [63]

Brazil

Case report

F, 26

–

128d

Mild

Joint pain in the right leg, difficulty breathing, tiredness, dizziness and fatigue

Camargo et al. [64]

Brazil

Case report

F, 41

–

–

Headache, disseminated body pain, non-productive cough, shortness of breath, ageusia, and anosmia

Headache, cough, tiredness and myalgia

Brehm et al. [65]

Germany

Case report

F, 27 (HCW)

–

283d

Fever, chills, and exertional dyspnea

Dry cough and mild rhinorrhea

Tomkins-Tinch et al. [66]

United States

Case report

M, 61

–

111d

Fever, nausea, vomiting, and cough

Asymptomatic

Díaz et al. [67]

Panama

Case report

M, 36

–

181d

Myalgia, fever, cephalea, and rhinorrhea

Cephalea, myalgia and rhinorrhea

Yu et al. [68]

Brazil

Case report

F, 41 (HCW)

–

146d

Headache, myalgia, fatigue, fever, dry cough, dyspnea, anosmia ageusia

Headache, myalgia, fatigue, fever, dry cough, dyspnea, anosmia and ageusia, diarrhea, anorexia and dizziness

F, 34 (HCW)

173d

Fever, cough, odynophagia and dyspnea

Headache, coryza, fever and sore throat

Zucman et al. [69]

France

Case report

M, 58

–

129d

Mild fever and dyspnea

Dyspnea and fever

Rani et al. [70]

India

Case report

M, 47

–

47d

Asymptomatic

Fever, cough, and malaise

Loconsole et al. [71]

Italy

Case report

F, 41 (HCW)

–

293d

Strong arthralgia, low-grade fever, headache, and diarrhea

Sore throat and headache

Selhorst et al. [72]

Belgium

Case report

F, 39 (HCW)

–

185d

Cough, dyspnea, headache, fever and general malaise

Milder

Van Elslande et al. [73]

Belgium

Case report

F, 51

–

3m

Headache, fever, myalgia, coughing, chest pain and dyspnea, anosmia and a change in taste

Headache, cough and fatigue

Jeffery-Smith et al. [74]

United Kingdom

Cross-sectional

–

–

–

Asymptomatic

–

Brouqui et al. [75]

France

Cross-sectional

25M, 21F

50 ± 22

46/6771

172d(90–308d)

Mild/moderate 37/39 (94.8);

Severe/critical 2/39(5.1);

Asymptomatic 7/46 (15.2);

Mild/moderate 26/33 (78.7);

Severe/critical 7/33 (21.2);

Asymptomatic 13/46 (28.2);

Abu-Raddad et al. [76]

Qatar

Cohort study

M, 35–39

–

–

Asymptomatic

–

F, 40–44

–

Yes

–

F, 35–39

–

Asymptomatic

–

M, 35–39

–

Asymptomatic

–

M, 30–34

–

Yes

–

dos Santos et al. [77]

Brazil

Case–control

M, 44 (HCW)

–

38d

Mild symptoms

Severe respiratory symptoms

(b) Part 2

To et al. [8]

M, 33

GISAID clade V, B.2, 19A

GISAID clade G, B.1.79, 20A

–

26.69

–

None

–

–

Tillett et al. [9]

M, 25

20C

20C

–

–

–

None

–

Hospitalized

Borgogna et al. [10]

M, 52

B.1.1, 20B

B.1,20A

25–26(E, RdRp, and N)

34(E), 36(RNAseP), > 40 (RdRp)

–

Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter

–

Death

Gupta et al. [31]

M, 25 (HCW)

–

–

36

16.6

–

–

–

–

F, 28 (HCW)

–

–

28.16

19.62

–

–

–

–

Larson et al. [32]

M, 42

B.1.26

B.1.26

–

–

–

–

–

–

Staub et al. [33]

M, 20s (HCW)

–

B1.351

–

–

–

–

–

–

F, 20s (HCW)

–

B1.351

–

–

–

–

–

–

M, 30s (HCW)

–

B1.351

–

–

–

–

–

–

F, 20s (HCW)

–

B1.351

–

–

–

–

–

–

Salehi-Vaziri et al. [34]

F, 32

–

–

–

17(N),18(ORF1ab)

–

None

–

Recovery

M, 54

–

–

27(N), 29(ORF1ab)

29(N), 30(ORF1ab)

–

None

–

Recovery

M, 42

–

–

–

31(N), 33(ORF)

–

None

–

Recovery

Klein et al. [35]

M, 60–70 (specific age unknown

B.1

B.1.280

17.1(N1); 16.3(N2)

27.34(N1); 27.15(N2)

–

End-stage renal disease

–

Discharged

Shastri et al. [36]

M, 27 (HCW)

B, 20A

B.1.8, 19A

32(N); 32(ORF1ab)

25(N); 23(ORF1ab)

–

None

–

–

F, 24 (HCW)

B.1, 19A

B.1.1.32, 20B

32(N); 34(ORF1ab)

17(N); 18(ORF1ab)

–

None

–

–

F, 25 (HCW)

B.1.5, 19A

B.1, 20A

31(N); 31(ORF1ab)

22(N); 22(ORF1ab)

–

Hypertensive

–

–

Vetter et al. [37]

F, 36

20A

20A

–

–

–

–

–

–

Harrington et al. [38]

M, 78

B.2

B.1.1.7

26.8(E); 26.4(ORF1a)

27.5(E); 27.9(ORF1a)

–

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, COPD, mixed cenral and obstructive sleep apnea, ischemic heart disease

–

Hospitalized 

Prado-Vivar et al. [39]

M, 46

B1.p9

20A

A.1.1

19B

36.85(ORF3a)

–

–

–

–

–

Moschetta et al. [40]

F, 39

–

Gamma VOC

–

–

–

–

CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccine

Recovered

M, 49

–

Gamma VOC

–

–

–

–

first dose of the Astra-Zeneca COVID-19 vaccine

Recovered

Scarpati et al. [41]

M, 63(HCW)

20A

20E

–

–

–

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), type II diabetes, atrial fibrillation

first dose of Pfizer vaccination

Hospitalized

Massanella et al. [42]

M, 62 (HCW)

–

B.1.79

–

–

–

mild asthma, hypertension, dyslipidemia, liver steatosis, hyperuricemia, and overweight

–

Discharged

Garvey et al. [43]

M, 92

Sequencing failed

B.1.177

–

15.89

–

Dementia

–

Death

M, 84

Sequencing failed

B.1.177

–

–

–

Dementia and Paget’s disease

–

–

M, 59

Sequencing failed

B.1.1.7

–

–

–

End-stage renal failure

–

–

Siqueira et al. [44]

F, 76

–

–

34.21

11.99

Chronic renal failure and pyelonephritis

–

Death

Sevillano et al. [45]

M, 28

GISAID clade O, B.1.1

20B

GISAID clade O, B.1.1

20B

29.9

17.8

–

–

–

–

Kulkarni et al. [46]

M, 61

20B

20B

–

–

–

–

–

–

Lee et al. [47]

F, 21

V

G

23.11(E); 23.54(RdRP)

32.36 / 32.79 33.74 / 33.62

–

–

–

–

Fintelman-Rodrigues et al. [48]

M, 54

Not enough sample

20B

26.5

24.6

–

None

–

–

M, 34

20B

20B

27.41

28.12

–

None

–

–

F, 57

19A

20B

26.66

27.06

–

Discoid lupus erythematosus

–

–

F, 34

Not enough sample

20B

28.48

24.5

–

None

–

–

Fonseca et al. [49]

M, 29 (HCW)

B.1.1.28

B.1.2

15.7(N1), 18.9(N2)

17.6(N1), 19.6(N2)

–

None

–

–

Nonaka et al. [50]

F, 45 (HCW)

B.1.1.33

B.1.1.28.2

25(N); 26(E); 27 (RdRp)

21(N); 12(E); 17(RdRp)

–

None

–

–

Ramírez et al. [51]

F, 54

B.1

B.1.1.269

21.2 (E); 24.5 (RdRp); 21.7 (N)

30.6 (E); 32.1(RdRp); 31.9 (N)

–

Hypertension, gastritis, and arthrosis

–

–

Alshukairi et al. [52]

F, 51

A

B.1.1.122

3

34

–

follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma

One dose mRNA COVID-19 vaccine

Discharged

Aguilar-Shea et al. [53]

M, 39 (HCW)

–

B.1.1.7

–

–

–

None

–

Recovery

Mulder et al. [54]

F, 89

–

–

26.2(E)

25.2(E)

–

Waldenström macroglobulinemia

–

Death

Dhar et al. [55]

M, 52

B.1.0, 19A

B.1.36.1, 20A

36.04(ORF1ab); 36.74(E)

17.9(ORF1ab); 17.8(E)

–

–

–

–

Goldman et al. [56]

–, 60–69 (specific age unknown)

19B

20A

22.8 (E); 26.5 (RdRp)

43.3 (E); 39.6 (N2)

–

Severe emphysema

–

–

Marquez et al. [57]

F, 16

B.1.2

B.1.1.7

32.4(E) 32.0(S)

30.6(E) 31.0(S)

–

End-stage renal disease

–

–

Buddingh et al. [58]

F, 16

–

B.1.1.7

–

–

–

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children

–

Recovered

Tang et al. [59]

F, 20s

A.3

B.1.1

17.76

20.36

–

Asthma, obesity

–

–

Amorim et al. [60]

F, 35 (HCW)

B.1.1.33

B.1.1.28

35.24 (E); 40.12(N)

31.14(E); 31.3(N); 32.58(RdRp)

–

–

–

–

F, 61 (HCW)

–

B.1.1.28

31.8(E)

20.45(E); 20.52(N); 22.65(RdRp)

–

–

–

–

F, 40 (HCW)

–

–

35.15(E)

26.04(E); 26.88(N); 28.40(RdRp)

–

–

–

–

F,40 (HCW)

–

B.1.1.28

34.80(E); 39.86(RdRp)

23.72(E); 23.48(N); 25.67(RdRp)

–

–

–

–

Novazzi et al. [61]

M, 56

Wuhan-Hu-1

B.1.1.7

–

–

–

Obesity and dyslipidemia

–

Hospitalized 

M,58

Wuhan-Hu-1

B.1.1.7

–

–

–

None

–

Hospitalized

Salehi-Vaziri et al. [62]

M, 42

20G

20G

18(N), 19(ORF1ab)

16(N),17(ORF1ab)

–

–

–

–

Romano et al. [63]

F, 26

Non-VOC virus

VOC virus P.1

21

24

–

Rheumatism

–

–

Camargo et al. [64]

F, 41

B.1.1.33

B.1.1.44

18(E),32(RNAseP)

22(E),30(RNAseP)

None

–

Discharged

Brehm et al. [65]

F, 27 (HCW)

B.3

B.1.177

–

–

–

None

–

–

Tomkins-Tinch et al. [66]

M, 61

–

–

–

–

–

Chronic hepatitis B and C

–

Discharged

Díaz et al. [67]

M, 36

A.2.4

GMI-PA584303

19(RdRp)

27(E), 28(RdRp).

–

None

–

Recovery

Yu et al. [68]

F, 41 (HCW)

B.1.1.33

B.1.1.28

–

–

–

None

–

–

F, 34 (HCW)

B.1.1.28

P.2

–

–

–

Chronic respiratory disease

One dose

–

Zucman et al. [69]

M, 58

–

B.1.351

–

–

–

Asthma

–

–

Rani et al. [70]

M, 47

B.1.36

B.1.36

22.3(ORF1ab), 19.1(N)

21.9(ORF1ab), 19.2(N)

–

–

–

–

Loconsole et al. [71]

F, 41 (HCW)

B.1.1.74 GISAID clade GR, 20 B

B.1.177GISAID clade GV, 20 E

30(N);27(ORF1ab); 29(S)

15(N); 12(ORF1ab); 13(S)

–

None

One dose Comirnaty vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech)

–

Selhorst et al. [72]

F, 39 (HCW)

V

G

Avg Ct 13

Avg Ct 19

–

–

–

–

Van Elslande et al. [73]

F, 51

B.1.1

A

25.6 (N1)

27.2 (N2)

32.6 (N1)

33.2 (N2)

–

Asthma

–

Recovery

Jeffery-Smith et al. [74]

–

–

B.1.36

–

–

–

–

–

–

Brouqui et al. [75]

25M, 21F

50 ± 22

–

–

–

–

–

None (20)

–

2 Death

Abu-Raddad et al. [76]

M, 35–39

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

F, 40–44

–

–

–

22.2

–

–

–

–

F, 35–39

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

M, 35–39

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

M, 30–34

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Adrielle Dos Santos et al. [77]

M, 44 (HCW)

B.1

B.1.80

–

–

–

Obesity and systemic arterial hypertension

–

Death