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Table 2 COVID-19 vaccine acceptance or hesitancy

From: COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Africa: a scoping review

References

Sample description

Sample size

Acceptance rate, %

Factors associated with/reasons for hesitancy

Anjorin et al. [16]

General adult population

5212

63

Age, gender, employment status, income level, region of residence were associated with vaccine hesitancy

Davis et al. [17]

General adult population

425

Not reported

Perceived social norms, perceived positive consequences, perceived negative consequences, perceived risk of getting COVID-19, perceived severity of COVID-19, trust in COVID-19 vaccines, expected access to vaccines, perceived divine will, and perceived safety of COVID-19 vaccines

Kanyanda et al. [18]

General adult population

11,895

64.5–97.9

Concerns around safety and vaccine side-effects

Chukwuocha et al. [19]

General adult population

14

Not applicable

Rapid development of the vaccines, long term vaccine safety, conspiracies around vaccine development, effect of vaccines on groups like pregnant women and children, the fact that other important concerns like malaria and hunger have not received the same attention were some concerns that were raised

Chinawa et al. [20]

Mothers presenting at two hospitals

577

6.9

Respondents who believed they could be infected with the COVID-19 and those who were aware of someone who had died from COVID-19 were more likely to receive the COVID-19 vaccine

Asmare et al. [21]

General adult population

1080

64.9

Being female and low educational level were associated with vaccine hesitancy

Ayele et al. [22]

Healthcare workers

422

45.3

Being male, having a higher risk of COVID-19 and having a positive attitude were associated with vaccine acceptance

Gbeasor-Komlanvi et al. [23]

Healthcare workers

1115

44.1

Female gender was associated with hesitancy

Kassaw et al. [24]

Healthcare workers

250

Not reported

Men, younger age, being single, working in COVID-19 treatment centre were associated with demand for the vaccine

McAbee et al. [25]

General adult population

551

55.7

Concern about vaccine safety was associated with intention to vaccinate. Also being male and a higher level of education were associated with higher odds of vaccination

Nzaji et al. [26]

Healthcare workers

613

27.7

Being a male healthcare worker was associated with willingness to take the vaccine

Sahile [27]

College students

407

39.8

Being male, living with children or elderly were associated with vaccine acceptance

Tlale et al. [28]

General population

5300

73.4

Males, those with comorbidities and those with primary education compared to those with post graduate education were more likely to accept the vaccine

Abebe et al. [29]

General adult population

492

62.6

Higher education, older age, and having a chronic disease were associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance

Adejumo et al. [30]

Healthcare workers

1470

55.5

Predictors of willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine included having a positive perception of the vaccine, perceiving a risk of contracting COVID-19, having received tertiary education, and being a clinical health worker

Adeniyi et al. [31]

Healthcare workers

1308

90.1

Lower educational attainment (primary and secondary education) and those with prior vaccine refusal were less likely to accept the vaccine

Hailemariam et al. [32]

Pregnant women

423

31.3

Having higher education, residing in urban areas and compliance with COVID-19 guidelines were associated with vaccine acceptance

Handebo et al. [33]

School teachers

301

Not reported

Religion, educational status and perceived susceptibility and benefits

Oyekale [34]

General population

10,702

80.6

Older age and higher educational level were associated with vaccine acceptance

Wiysonge et al. [35]

Healthcare workers

395

59

Lack of trust in the effectiveness of the vaccine and younger age were associated with vaccine hesitancy. Physicians were more likely to accept the vaccine compared to administrative support staff

Adebisi et al. [36]

General population

517

74

Not being aged 16–30, being from the regional North, perceived unreliability of clinical trials, belief that the immune system is enough to combat COVID-19, safety concerns were associated with hesitancy

Agyekum et al. [37]

Healthcare workers

2234

39.3

Safety concerns were associated with hesitancy

Ahmed et al. [38]

General population

4543

76.8

Being a female was associated with hesitancy

Ditekemena et al. [39]

Adult population

4131

55.9

Being a healthcare worker was associated with decreased willingness for vaccination

Dinga et al. [40]

General adult population

2512

Vaccine hesitancy prevalence = 84.6

Distrust of the pharmaceutical industry, antivaccine messages from social media platforms, vaccine safety, distrust for the West were associated with vaccine hesitancy

Bongomin et al. [41]

Patients and non-patients

317

70.1

Vaccine safety and efficacy were the most common reasons for hesitancy

Botwe et al. [42]

Healthcare workers

108

59.3

The main reasons for vaccine hesitancy included not being convinced about its effectiveness, efficiency, and side effects, perceived lack of adequate research evidence to back the potency were associated with vaccine hesitancy

Carcelen et al. [43]

Adult caregivers of children

Caregivers of 2400 children. Number of caregivers not specified

66

Perceptions about vaccine safety and efficacy were the strongest predictors of vaccine acceptance, for both adult and child vaccination

Iliyasu et al. [44]

Healthcare workers

284

24.3

Distrust, inadequate information, fear of side effects and safety concerns were associate with vaccine hesitancy

Illiyasu et al. [45]

General adult population

446

51.1

Doubts about existence of COVID, age, risk perception, vaccine safety, efficacy and mistrust for authorities

Khalis et al. [46]

Health science students

1272

26.9

Perceived vaccine safety and effectiveness

Mohammed et al. [47]

Healthcare workers

614

Vaccine hesitancy = 60.3

Lack of trust in the government, safety and effectiveness concerns

Orangi et al. [48]

General adult population

4136

Vaccine hesitancy = 36.5

Safety and effectiveness concerns, living in rural regions, religious and cultural reasons

Shiferie et al. [49]

Healthcare workers

20

Not applicable

Vaccine safety, vaccine efficacy, personal belief, and lack of trust were associated with vaccine hesitancy

Tibbels et al. [50]

General population

156

Not applicable

Perceived side effects of the vaccine, safety concerns and access

Uzochukwu et al. [51]

University staff and students

349

34.7

Efficacy concern, safety concern, and disbelief over the existence of COVID-19 in Nigeria

Yassin et al. [52]

Healthcare workers

400

63.8

Safety and side effect concerns were associated with vaccine hesitancy

Zewude et al. [53]

Teachers and bank employees

319

46.1

Concerns over safety and side effects of the vaccine, doubt about effectiveness and lack of adequate information were associated with vaccine hesitancy

Mustapha et al. [54]

University students

440

40

Older age, trust in government and vaccine affordability were associated with acceptance

Mose et al. [61]

University students

420

58.8

Younger age and being female, residing in rural area were associated with vaccine hesitancy

Kanyike et al. [63]

Medical students

600

37.3

Factors associated with acceptance were being male and being single

Acheampong et al. [80]

General adult population

2345

51

Older age (above 55 years), high school (secondary) degree, regions who had the highest case rates had a higher share of the population willing to be vaccinated

Adane et al. [81]

Healthcare workers

404

64

Fear of the vaccine worsening any pre-existing medical conditions and the vaccine causing COVID-19 infections was associated with hesitancy

Addo et al. [82]

General adult population

1768

Not reported

Fear of getting COVID-19 and fear of susceptibility is significantly associated with being more likely to get vaccinated

Adedeji-Adenola et al. [83]

General adult population

1058

80.9

Hesitancy was due to anxiety around the short period of COVID-19 production, not having a prior diagnosis of COVID-19, not being affiliated with any religion

Admasu et al. [84]

Cancer patients at public hospital

422

Not reported

Younger age, females, cancer patients having information about COVID-19 vaccine, COVID-19 infection experience, longer duration with cancer, and fear about the likelihood of dying if infected by COVID-19 were significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance

Aemro et al. [85]

Healthcare workers

440

Vaccine hesitancy = 45.9

Younger age, non-compliance with physical distancing, unclear information by public health authorities, low risk of getting COVID-19, and doubts about the tolerability of the vaccine were associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy

Alle et al. [86]

Healthcare workers

327

42.3

Not reported

Amuzie et al. [87]

Healthcare workers

422

Vaccine hesitancy = 50.5

Younger age, being single, low-income and occupation were associated with vaccine hesitancy

Angelo et al. [88]

Healthcare workers

423

48.4

Professional types, history of chronic illness, perceived degree of risk to COVID-19 infection, attitude toward COVID-19 and preventive practices were associated with vaccine hesitancy

Berihun et al. [89]

Patients

416

59.4

Having health insurance, knowing anyone diagnosed with COVID-19, and attitude towards the COVID-19 vaccine were significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance

Burger et al. [90]

General adult population

11,491

70.8 and 76.1

Younger age was associated with vaccine hesitancy. Those living in formal residential housing and those who reported trust in social media as a source of COVID-19 information were significantly more likely to be hesitant

Carpio et al. [91]

General adult population

963

95.7

The main reason cited was lack of trust in them

Dubik [92]

Teachers

420

49 (before roll out), 63 (after roll out), and 11 (actual uptake)

lack of confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine, perception of not being susceptible to COVID-19 and feeling uncomfortable getting the vaccine

Dula et al. [93]

General adult population

1878

71.4

Fear of side effects and belief that the vaccine is not effective

Eze et al. [94]

General adult population

358

66.2

Being male, identifying as Christian, Hausa ethnicity, and living in northern Nigeria were significantly associated with willingness to get vaccinated

Josiah et al. [95]

General adult population

401

48.6

Gender, religious affiliation, education, employment status and income were associated with vaccine hesitancy

Mekonnen et al. [96]

Adults with chronic medical condition

423

63.8

Having health insurance, being in a high socio-demographic status and good knowledge of COVID-19 were associated with intent to get vaccinated

Katoto et al. [97]

General adult population

1193

68

Side effects concerns, lack of access to online vaccine registration platform, distrust of government, belief in conspiracy theories

Kollamparambil et al. [98]

General adult population

5629

70.8

Non-Black population compared to Blacks were more likely to be vaccine hesitant

Lamptey et al. [99]

General adult population

1000

54.1

Being married, salary worker and high-risk perception had higher odds of accepting the vaccine

Mesele et al. [100]

General adult population

415

45.5

Males and those with higher education were more likely to accept the vaccine than females

Mose et al. [101]

Pregnant women

396

70.7

Maternal age, educational status and knowledge and practice of COVID-19 preventive measures

Oyekale [102]

General population

2178

92.3

Vaccine safety concern

Reuben [103]

General population

589

29

Not reported

Seboka et al. [104]

General population

1160

46.6

Perceived susceptibility to the virus and perceived benefits of the vaccine were associated with acceptance of the vaccine

Shitu, et al. [105]

School teachers

301

40.8

Not reported

Taye et al. [106]

University students

423

69.3

Being a health science student was associated with vaccine acceptance

Taye et al. [107]

Pregnant and postnatal women

527

62.04

Living in urban centre was associated with willingness to accept compared to living in rural areas

Twum et al. [108]

General population

478

83

Christians were more likely to receive the vaccine than Muslims

Yeboah et al. [109]

General population

1560

35.3

Not reported