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Table 2 Summary of the 27 countries pooled sample characteristics of DHS data

From: Individual and contextual factors associated with childhood malnutrition: a multilevel analysis of the double burden of childhood malnutrition in 27 countries

Variables

Overall

Not wasted and overweight

Wasted and overweight

P value

Total

 

122,316 (89.5)

14,390 (10.5)

 

Age in months mean (SD)

28.4 (17.3)

29.0 (17.1)

23.1 (17.5)

 < 0.001

Sex

   

 < 0.001

Male

69,116 (50.6)

61,219 (50.1)

7898 (54.9)

 

Female

67,589 (49.4)

61,097 (50.0)

6492 (45.1)

 

Child birth type

   

0.072

Single birth

132,734 (97.1)

118,807 (97.1)

13,927 (96.8)

 

Multiple births

3972 (2.9)

3509 (2.9)

463 (3.2)

 

Diarrhea in the last 2 weeks preceding the survey

   

 < 0.001

No diarrhea

116,081 (85.2)

104,090 (85.4)

11,991 (83.6)

 

Had diarrhea

20,213 (14.8)

17,868 (14.7)

2345 (16.4)

 

Child fever in the last 2 weeks preceding the survey

   

0.473

No fever

107,760 (79.0)

96,467 (79.1)

11,294 (78.7)

 

Had fever

28,623 (21.0)

25,570 (21.0)

3052 (21.3)

 

Currently breastfeeding

   

 < 0.001

No

84,532 (63.0)

77,523 (64.5)

7009 (49.9)

 

Yes

49,715 (37.0)

42,674 (35.5)

7041 (50.1)

 

Maternal age (Y)

   

 < 0.001

15–24 years

36,601 (26.8)

32,497 (26.6)

4104 (28.5)

 

25–34 years

68,629 (50.2)

61,465 (50.3)

7163 (49.8)

 

35–49 years

31,476 (23.0)

28,354 (23.2)

3122 (21.7)

 

Maternal education

   

 < 0.001

No education

45,750 (33.5)

40,877 (33.4)

4874 (33.9)

 

Primary

42,928 (31.4)

38,756 (31.7)

4172 (29.0)

 

Secondary

39,992 (29.3)

35,629 (29.1)

4363 (33.3)

 

Higher

8,029 (5.8)

7051 (5.8)

978 (6.8)

 

Maternal marital status

   

0.212

Never married

6,530 (4.8)

5826 (4.8)

704 (4.9)

 

Married

123,035 (90.0)

110,047 (90.0)

12,988 (90.3)

 

Divorced/widowed/separated

7,141 (5.2)

6442 (5.3)

699 (4.9)

 

Maternal employment

   

 < 0.001

Not employed

56,486 (41.3)

49,546 (40.5)

6940 (48.2)

 

Employed

80,194 (58.7)

72,748 (59.5)

7446 (51.8)

 

Number of under-5 children

   

0.656

No Under 5

1303 (1.0)

1178 (1.0)

125 (0.9)

 

1–3 children

121,426 (88.8)

108,622 (88.8)

12,804 (89.0)

 

4 or more children

13,977 (10.2)

12,516 (10.2)

1461 (10.2)

 

Wealth index

   

0.002

Poorest

30,506 (22.3)

27,087 (22.1)

3420 (23.8)

 

Poorer

29,057 (21.3)

25,929 (21.2)

3127 (21.7)

 

Middle

27,761 (20.3)

24,985 (20.4)

2777 (19.3)

 

Richer

26,495 (19.4)

23,793 (19.5)

2702 (18.8)

 

Richest

22,885 (16.7)

20,522 (16.8)

2364 (16.4)

 

Maternal health behaviour

   

 <0 .001

First quantile (least)

47,853 (35.9)

42,831 (36.0)

5021 (35.7)

 

Second quantile

44,560 (33.5)

39,822 (33.4)

4738 (33.7)

 

Third quantile

24,083 (18.1)

21,272 (17.9)

2811 (20.0)

 

Fourth quantile

6321 (4.8)

5637 (4.7)

683 (4.9)

 

Fifth quantile (highest)

10,402 (7.8)

9585 (8.1)

816 (5.8)

 

Community-level poverty

62,336 (45.6)

55,652 (45.5)

6683 (46.4)

0.143

Community-level rurality

4141 (3.0)

3682 (3.0)

460 (3.2)

0.295

Community-level illiteracy

59,423 (43.5)

52,966 (43.3)

6458 (44.9)

0.015

Community-level unemployment

63,988 (46.8)

56,931 (46.5)

7057 (49.0)

 < 0.001

Community-level unsafe sanitation

64,374 (47.1)

57,494 (47.0)

6880 (47.8)

0.224

Community-level unimproved water source

60,140 (44.0)

53,818 (44.0)

6323 (43.9)

0.927

Community-level limited access to health facility

66,110 (48.4)

59,067 (48.3)

7043 (48.9)

0.313

Human development index

   

 < 0.001

Low HDI

87,712 (64.2)

79,827 (65.3)

7885 (54.8)

 

Medium HDI

42,175 (30.9)

36,785 (30.1)

5390 (37.5)

 

High HDI

6819 (5.0)

5703 (4.7)

1116 (7.8)

 

Cereal yield (kg per hectare)

   

 < 0.001

Tertile 1 (low)

56,808 (41.6)

51,994 (42.5)

4814 (33.5)

 

Tertile 2

39,053 (28.6)

35,196 (28.8)

3857 (26.8)

 

Tertile 3 (high)

40,845 (29.9)

35,126 (28.7)

5719 (39.7)

 

Total fertility rate

   

 < 0.001

Low fertility

8123 (5.9)

6918 (5.7)

1205 (8.4)

 

Ideal fertility

6386 (4.7)

5821 (4.8)

565 (3.9)

 

High fertility

122,197 (89.4)

109,577 (89.6)

12,621 (87.7)

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