Table 2 Annual direct and indirect cost by socio-demographic characteristics of the patients utilizing outpatient and inpatient care
From: Cost of diabetes and its complications: results from a STEPS survey in Punjab, India
Socio-demographic variable | Outpatient care | Inpatient care | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct cost | Indirect cost | Direct cost | Indirect cost | |||||
₹Mean (median) | p-Value | Mean (median) | p-Value | ₹Mean (median) | p-Value | Mean (median) | p-Value | |
Region | ||||||||
Urban | 40,752 (30,000)* | 0.000 | 9030 (9000)* | 0.011 | 40,643* (24,000) | 0.002 | 4618* (3000) | 0.035 |
Rural | 24,252 (18,000) | 7884 (7200) | 23,568 (10,000) | 3160 (2400) | ||||
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 34,080 (30,000) | 0.009 | 9600 (8400) | 0.811 | 45,045 (23,000) | 0.117 | 4980* (3200) | 0.007 |
Female | 37,140 (30,000)* | 10,236 (8400) | 27,269 (20,000) | 3511 (2500) | ||||
Age | ||||||||
Below 20 years | 52,104 (30,000)** | 0.009 | 10,704 (9600) | 0.234 | 17,750 (16,500) | 0.001 | 2900 (2900) | 0.301 |
21–40 years | 37,368 (36,000) | 11,124 (8400) | 11,119 (6000) | 2487 (2000) | ||||
41–60 years | 34,704 (30,000) | 10,176 (8400) | 35,169 (21,600) | 4133 (3000) | ||||
60 years and Above | 33,960 (26,400) | 8280 (7200) | 41,482** (24,000) | 4818 (3000) | ||||
Marital status | ||||||||
Single | 35,604 (33,600) | 0.359 | 9672 (8400) | 0.221 | 35,946 (22,000) | 0.601 | 3937 (3000) | 0.625 |
Married | 35,196 (30,000) | 9852 (8400) | 35,972 (20,000) | 4218 (2900) | ||||
Education | ||||||||
Illiterate | 22,116 (18,000) | 0.000 | 6516 (5400) | 0.000 | 33,200 (22,000) | 0.336 | 4170 (1200) | 0.056 |
Primary | 26,784 (22,500) | 8004 (7200) | 27,518 (18,500) | 3179 (2400) | ||||
Secondary | 36,288 (30,000) | 8664 (7200) | 39,324 (23,500) | 4706 (3000) | ||||
Graduation | 41,940 (36,000) | 11,448 (9600) | 35,229 (20,000) | 4845 (3200) | ||||
Post-graduation | 50,496 (49,600) | 15,912 (14,400) | 59,364 (30,000) | 3778 (4000) | ||||
Other’s | 52,320** (51,400) | 16,800** (14,400) | 64,000 (64,000) | 1400 (1200) | ||||
Work status | ||||||||
Salaried | 41,352 (39,600) | 0.000 | 11,788 (8400) | 0.001 | 21,581 (14,000) | 0.008 | 3747 (3200) | 0.000 |
Business | 35,508 (30,000) | 8556 (8400) | 53,808** (32,000) | 5851** (4800) | ||||
Student | 47,664** (43,956) | 12,156** (9600) | 16,033 (16,500) | 2591 (3000) | ||||
Homemaker | 33,768 (27,000) | 9912 (8400) | 27,197 (18,500) | 3431 (2400) | ||||
Retired | 39,732 (32,400) | 11,172 (8400) | 32,236 (22,000) | 3873 (3350) | ||||
Other’s | 19,692 (15,600) | 6204 (6000) | 26,225 (29,500) | 2590 (2500) | ||||
Income | ||||||||
Less than ₹15,000 | 17,964 (14,400) | 0.000 | 6036 (6000) | 0.000 | 17,467 (15,000) | 0.000 | 1918 (2000) | 0.000 |
₹15,000–₹30,000 | 28,188 (25,800) | 8244 (7200) | 28,799 (17,000) | 3578 (2500) | ||||
₹30,000–₹45,000 | 37,368 (34,800) | 9420 (8400) | 30,732 (20,000) | 4132 (3200) | ||||
₹45,000–₹60,000 | 43,752 (38,400) | 10,260 (9600) | 53,633 (32,600) | 5196 (4000) | ||||
₹60,000 and above | 55,788** (51,600) | 16,080** (12,000) | 57,394** (35,000) | 7162** (5250) | ||||
Family type | ||||||||
Nuclear | 32,784 (28,800) | 0.065 | 10,116 (8400) | 0.489 | 34,512 (20,000) | 0.628 | 4288 (3000) | 0.932 |
Joint | 37,452 (30,000) | 9552 (8400) | 37,254 (23,000) | 4267 (3000) | ||||
History of diabetes | ||||||||
Yes | 36,936* (32,700) | 0.013 | 9948 (8400) | 0.804 | 37,104* (24,000) | 0.024 | 3942 (3000) | 0.336 |
NO | 33,336 (26,400) | 9636 (8400) | 34,761 (18,500) | 4665 (2600) | ||||
Complications | ||||||||
Yes | 41,940* (36,000) | 0.000 | 10,728* (9600) | 0.004 | 41,875* (25,000) | 0.000 | 4819* (3000) | 0.001 |
NO | 28,032 (24,000) | 8460 (7200) | 15,162 (11,000) | 2525 (2400) | ||||
Household size | ||||||||
Upto 3 Members | 34,896 (32,400) | 0.012 | 9576 (8400) | 0.851 | 27,169 (18,500) | 0.028 | 3654 (2000) | 0.508 |
4–6 Members | 33,156 (29,400) | 9804 (9600) | 30,661 (18,500) | 3964 (3000) | ||||
6 Members and Above | 41,592** (30,000) | 9948 (9600) | 52,219** (31,400) | 5302 (3000) | ||||