Table 1 Basic features of the included literatures
From: Screen time among school-aged children of aged 6–14: a systematic review
Study | Publication year | Target area | Research design | Sample Size | Gender distribution | Age group (year) | Data measurement methods | Results of screen time related study | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Length | Use | ||||||||
Hu et al. [4] | 2021 | China | Cross-sectional | 882 | m = 437, f = 445 | 6–18 | Questionnaire | Average ST < 2 h/d accounted for 39.1% | |
An et al. [5] | 2018 | China | Cross-sectional | 2670 | m = 1338, f = 1332 | 6–18 | Questionnaire | Average ST of primary and middle school students in Beijing on school days ≤ 2 h/d accounted for 93.3%, and that at weekends accounted for 70.0% | |
Liu et al. [6] | 2021 | China | Cross-sectional | 1090 | m = 561, f = 529 | 9–12 | Questionnaire | Average ST of 8-year-olds ≤ 2 h/d accounted for 94.8%. The data for 9-year-olds was 94.2%, for 10-year-olds was 94.6%, and the overall study was 94.4% | |
Diane et al. [7] | 2021 | Canada | Cross-sectional | 73 | 6–12 | Questionnaire | Average ST was 5.9 h/d | ||
Bel-Serrat et al. [12] | 2019 | 19 European countries | Cross-sectional | 1758 | m = 908, f = 850 | 6–9 | Database questionnaire | Northern Europe has the longest screen time (1.9 h/d), Eastern European countries have 1.7 h/d and Southern European/Mediterranean countries have the shortest screen time (1.4 h/d) | |
Leonie et al. [13] | 2020 | Europe | Cross-sectional | 2694 | m = 1387, f = 1307 | 2–18 | Database | Average ST was 13.2 h/w for children of 7–8 years old, 14.6 h/w for children of 9–10 years old, 18.4 h/w for children of 11 years old and above, and 13.7 h/w for the whole study population | |
Miguel et al. [14] | 2020 | Spain | Cross-sectional | 908 | 5–14 | Database questionnaire | Average ST of children was 2.02 h/d (SD = 1.03) | ||
Didier et al. [15] | 2017 | Canada | Cross-sectional | 1328 | m = 674, f = 654 | 6–11 | Database questionnaire | Children's average ST length was 2.3 h/d, using TV (1.6 h/d) and computer (0.7 h/d) | TV, games, learn, chat, emails, surf the Internet |
Zhang et al. [16] | 2021 | China | Cross-sectional | 5266 | 6–12 | Questionnaire | Average ST of first grade ≥ 2 h/d on school days and at weekends accounted for 42.4% and 52.9%, 40.9% and 53.1% in second grade, 44.8% and 60.2% in third grade, 43.1% and 59.1% in fourth grade, 42.2% and 55.3% in fifth grade, and 39.6% and 50.4% in sixth grade | Online learning, TV, tablets/computers/mobile phones | |
Michelle et al. [17] | 2019 | The United States | Cross-sectional | 11,875 | m = 6188, f = 5681 | 9–10 | Questionnaire | Children's ST: 1.26 h/d for TV/movies, 0.98 h/d for videos, 1.01 h/d for video games, 0.52 h/d for social media, 0.38 h/d for M-level games. 0.56 h/d for R-rated movies | TV/movies/ videos, video games, social media |
Amund et al. [18] | 2019 | Norway | Cross-sectional | 4509 | m = 2128 ,f = 2381 | 11,13, 15,16 | Questionnaire | The average ST was 6.1 h/d (SD4.3) | TV, games and other purposes |
Julie et al. [19] | 2018 | Europe | Cross-sectional | 10,696 | m = 5380, f = 5589 | 5–13 | Questionnaire | Children's average ST was 106.9 m/d, mainly for watching TV | |
Rubén et al. [20] | 2020 | Spain | Cross-sectional | 860 | m = 437, f = 423 | 3–16 | Questionnaire | Average ST was 2.0 h/d before home confinement, 4.9 h/d during confinement and 4.8 h/d after relaxation of confinement | Online games and learning |
Olga et al. [21] | 2021 | Greece | Cross-sectional | 1331 | m = 600, f = 731 | 10–12 | Questionnaire | Average ST was 1.52 h/d on weekdays and 3.19 h/d at weekends | TV, computer games |
Nazgol et al. [22] | 2019 | Iran | Cross-sectional | 23,043 | m = 11,706, f = 11,337 | 6–18 | Questionnaire | Average ST was 1.9 h/d (SD1.2), with 59.1% of subjects < 2 h and 40.9% of subject ≥ 2 h | TV, computer games |
Joanna et al. [23] | 2020 | Poland | Cross-sectional | 14,044 | m = 6488, f = 7556 | 13–19 | Questionnaire | Subjects ST (h/d): 13-year-old girls 2.5 ± 1.5 and boys 2.7 ± 1.6, 14-year-old girls 2.7 ± 1.5 and boys 3.0 ± 1.6 | |
Napoleón et al. [24] | 2017 | Spain | Cross-sectional | 6487 | m = 3269, f = 3218 | 6–9 | Questionnaire | The average ST of subjects was 2.5 ± 1.4 h/d | |
Jodie et al. [25] | 2017 | Canada | Cross-sectional | 18,147 | 9–12 | Questionnaire | The ST was 4.5 h/d for women and 5.2 h/d for men | ||
Chiaki et al. [26] | 2017 | Japan | Cross-sectional | 426 | 6–12 | Questionnaire | The children with an average ST length of 146 ± 80 m/d and > 2 h/d accounted for 59.8% | Games, TV, videos | |
Panagiotis et al. [27] | 2021 | Athens | Cross-sectional | 91 | m = 39, f = 52 | 8–12 | Questionnaire | Average ST in three study groups was 2.3 h/d, 3.0 h/d, 2.7 h/d | |
Ye et al. [28] | 2018 | China | Cross-sectional | 1063 | m = 510, f = 553 | 8–19 | Questionnaire | Average ST on weekdays was 1.86 h/d for boys and 1.33 h/d for girls; 7.12 h/ d for boys and 5.86 h/d for girls at weekends | TV, mobile phones or tablets, computers for entertainment and learning purposes |
Abe et al. [30] | 2020 | Japan | Cross-sectional | 1794 | m = 949, f = 845 | 9–15 | Questionnaire | The average ST length ≥ 2 h/d accounted for 97.1% | |
Namanjeet et al. [31] | 2018 | The United States | Cross-sectional | 3421 | 6–11 | Questionnaire | The average ST length ≥ 2 h/d accounted for 72.4% | TV and computers | |
Hmidan et al. [32] | 2020 | Arab | Cross-sectional | 1023 | 9–12 | Questionnaire | Average ST of watching TV/DVD/videos ≥ 2 h/d accounted for 34.8%; using computers ≥ 2 h/d accounted for 17.0%; playing video games ≥ 2 h/d accounted for 16.5%; using mobile electronic devices ≥ 2 h/d accounted for 21.5% | TV/DVD/Video, computers, video games, mobile electronic devices | |
Hila et al. [33] | 2021 | Israel | Cross-sectional | 1758 | m = 826, f = 932 | 11–17 | Database questionnaire | The ST behavior of most children exceeded 2 h/d (higher-income families: 60.83%; non-high-income families: 63.91%) | TV and computers |
Bucksch et al. [34] | 2019 | Germany, Poland, Slovenia, Czech Republic | Cross-sectional | 18,781 | m = 9295, f = 9486 | 11,13, 15 | Database questionnaire | The total average ST length of the study population ≥ 3.5 h/d accounted for 67.7%. Average ST ≥ 3.5 h/d accounted for 69.4% in Czech Republic; 66.6% in Germany, 71.4% in Poland and 61.1% in Slovenia | TV and computers |
Kar et al. [35] | 2021 | Australia | Cross-sectional | 127 | m = 54, f = 73 | 10–13 | Database questionnaire | Average ST ≥ 2 h/d accounted for 67.7% | Entertainment purposes |
Gallant et al. [36] | 2020 | Canada | Cross-sectional | 923 | m = 416, f = 507 | 8–19 | Database questionnaire | Average ST of girls ≥ 2 h/d accounted for 42.5%, and average ST of boys ≥ 2 h/d accounted for 42.3% | |
Guo et al. [37] | 2021 | China | Cross-sectional | 10,416 | m = 5219 f = 5197 | 10–16 | Online questionnaire | During the COVID-19 pandemic, average ST less than 2 h/d accounted for 31.6% | Learning and entertainment purposes |
Schmidt et al. [38] | 2017 | Canada | Cross-sectional | 18,147 | m = 9243, f = 8904 | 9–12 | Questionnaire | Average ST of 6 to 10-year-olds < 2 h/d accounted for 79.7%, and that of 11 to 13-year-olds accounted for 40.1% | |
Lilian et al. [39] | 2019 | Berlin | Cross-sectional | 2122 | 12–13 | Questionnaire | Average ST less than 2 h/d accounted for 81.5% | TV and computers | |
Giacomo et al. [40] | 2018 | Italy | Cross-sectional | 3291 | 11–15 | Questionnaire | Average ST of watching TV ≥ 2/d accounted for 46.4%; playing games ≥ 2/d accounted for 29.2%; using computers ≥ 2/d accounted for 38.8% | TV, games, computers | |
Lin et al. [41] | 2020 | Taiwan, China | Cross-sectional | 1005 | m = 503, f = 502 | 6–13 | Questionnaire | Average ST > 2 h/d accounted for 54.9% | Computers and TV |
Kwok et al. [42] | 2018 | Europe | Cross-sectional | 61,329 | m = 27,832, f = 33,497 | 11,13, 15 | Database | Average ST length of boys > 2 h/d on weekdays accounted for 62% and that among girls > 2 h/d accounted for 59%. Average ST of boys at weekends > 2 h/d accounted for 79% and that among girls > 2 h/d accounted for 77% | computer games and TV |
Natalie et al. [43] | 2017 | UK | Cross-sectional | 527 | m = 253, f = 274 | 11–12 | Questionnaire | Average ST > 2 h/d accounted for 69.7% | TV/DVD |
Monserrat et al. [44] | 2020 | Spain | Cross-sectional | 402 | m = 216, f = 186 | 2–14 | Questionnaire | Average ST ≥ 2 h/d among children aged 6–14 accounted for 60.6% | TV and games |
Silveira et al. [45] | 2020 | Italy | Cross-sectional | 1200 | m = 545, f = 655 | 6–17 | Questionnaire | Average ST of children (34.3%) and adolescents (48.2%) was ≥ 2 h/d | |
Souza et al. [46] | 2021 | Brazil | Cross-sectional | 1438 | m = 675, f = 763 | 10–14 | Questionnaire | Average ST > 2 h/d accounted for 59.6% | Computer, TV and games |
Konstantinos et al. [47] | 2020 | Norway | Cross-sectional | 177,091 | m = 90,821, f = 86,270 | 8–17 | Database questionnaire | Average ST ≤ 2 h/d accounted for 65.4% | Computer, non-learning purposes, mobile phones, TV, games |
Hiromasa et al. [48] | 2018 | Japan | Cross-sectional | 1374 | m = 679, f = 695 | 6–15 | Questionnaire | Average ST of watching TV among boys < 2 h accounted for 58.6% and that among girls accounted for 56.6% | TV, computer and mobile phone |
Lucy-Joy et al. [49] | 2018 | Kenya | Cross-sectional | 563 | m = 262, f = 301 | 9–11 | Database questionnaire | Average ST < 2 h/d on school days accounted for 67.9% and average ST < 2 h/d at weekends accounted for 25.8% | |
Wang et al. [50] | 2020 | China | Cross-sectional | 111,173 | 10–14 | Database questionnaire | Average ST < 2 h/d on school days accounted for 66.8% and the average ST length < 2 h/d at weekends accounted for 38.4% | ||
Yan et al. [51] | 2017 | China | Cross-sectional | 2625 | 7–12 | Database questionnaire | The average ST length > 14 h/w accounted for 35.43% | TV, video games, social networking sites, videos, search for news and learning materials | |
Zeng et al. [52] | 2021 | China | Cross-sectional | 16,545 | m = 8344, f = 8201 | 13–22 | Questionnaire | Average ST ≤ 2 h/d accounted for 81.6% that of boys accounted for 80.9% and that of girls accounted for 82.4% | |
Cheng et al. [53] | 2016 | China | Cross-sectional | 1170 | 7–11 | Questionnaire | Average ST ≤ 2 h/d accounted for 85.7% | ||
Huang et al. [54] | 2020 | China | Cross-sectional | 12,357 | m = 6292, f = 6065 | 12 | Questionnaire | Average ST ≥ 2 h/d accounted for 18.9%, with that of boys accounted for 18.5% and girls accounted for 19.1% | |
Lin et al. [55] | 2018 | China | Cross-sectional | 1889 | 7–11 | Questionnaire | Average ST ≥ 2 h/d accounted for 22.9% | ||
Liu et al. [56] | 2017 | China | Cross-sectional | 2859 | 7–12 | Questionnaire | Average ST ≥ 2 h/d on school days accounted for 17.7% and at weekends accounted for 33.6% | ||
Ren et al. [57] | 2018 | China | Cross-sectional | 2644 | m = 1402, f = 1242 | 7–18 | Questionnaire | Average ST of Kashgar Uyghur children < 2 h/d accounted for 50.1%. Average ST of primary school < 2 h/d accounted for 60.2% and that of middle school accounted for 56.2%. The overall weekday ST length < 2 h/d accounted for 93.3%, and at weekends accounted for 69.7% | |
Sun et al. [58] | 2021 | China | Cross-sectional | 1432 | m = 758, f = 674 | 6–16 | Questionnaire | Average ST ≥ 2 h/d accounted for 44.5% | |
Wang et al. [59] | 2019 | China | Cross-sectional | 1062 | m = 576, f = 486 | 11–19 | Questionnaire | Average ST ≥ 2 h/d accounted for 20.3% | |
Wang et al. [60] | 2021 | China | Cross-sectional | 1585 | m = 811, f = 774 | 6–14 | Questionnaire | Average ST > 2 h/d accounted for 57.5% among 6–7 years old, 57.1% among 8–10 years old, and 47.6% in middle school (11–14 years) | Computer, tablets and mobile phones |