Table 2 Utu measurement scale item means by orphan status

Resource Sharing (α = 0.73)

1. I share the little that I have with friends and family

2.31 (0.61)

2.43 (0.54)

2.35 (0.58)

0.029*

2. I sacrifice my time for the good of friends and family

2.38 (0.57)

2.39 (0.54)

2.38 (0.56)

0.837

3. Sharing my difficulties with others makes me feel strong

2.30 (0.61)

2.31 (0.68)

2.31 (0.63)

0.976

Respect and Dignity (α = 0.82)

4. I greet my parents and teachers whenever I see them

2.43 (0.52)

2.51 (0.51)

2.46 (0.52)

0.104

5. My parents and teachers expect me to respect their decisions

2.40 (0.57)

2.48 (0.50)

2.43 (0.55)

0.165

6. My parents and teachers treat me with respect and dignity

2.35 (0.59)

2.38 (0.54)

2.36 (0.57)

0.524

Group solidarity (α = 0.87)

7. I have the support of others when I need it

2.39 (0.51)

2.41 (0.51)

2.40 (0.51)

0.878

8. I do helpful things that will benefit me and others I know

2.37 (0.51)

2.45 (0.51)

2.40 (0.51)

0.079

9. When something unfortunate happens to me, others help me out

2.38 (0.53)

2.42 (0.59)

2.40 (0.55)

0.452

Collectivism (α = 0.65)

10. It is my duty to take care of my family and friends even if I have to sacrifice what I want

2.29 (0.58)

2.30 (0.65)

2.30 (0.60)

0.989

11. Being a valuable team player is more important to me than my personal identity

2.14 (0.66)

2.11 (0.78)

2.13 (0.71)

0.658

12. The wellbeing of my friends and loved one is important to me

2.32 (0.50)

2.51 (0.50)

2.38 (0.51)

 < 0.001***

Compassion (α = 0.86)

13. I think about and come up with helpful ways for my friends and family to cope with distress

2.25 (0.61)

2.40 (0.56)

2.31 (0.59)

0.012*

14. I direct attention to what is likely to be helpful to others

2.33 (0.53)

2.44 (0.50)

2.38 (0.52)

0.025*

15. I take actions and do things that will be helpful to others

2.35 (0.53)

2.40 (0.53)

2.37 (0.53)

0.366

16. I express feelings of support, helpfulness, and encouragement to others

2.35 (0.03)

2.44 (0.50)

2.38 (0.51)

0.047*

Total Utu Score (α = 0.94)

37.41 (6.26)

38.38 (6.55)

37.74 (6.37)

0.094